How to format your references using the Biodegradation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Biodegradation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Thorpe RS (2005) Ecology. Population evolution and island biogeography. Science 310:1778–1779

A journal article with 2 authors

Tanaka M, Lisberger SG (2001) Regulation of the gain of visually guided smooth-pursuit eye movements by frontal cortex. Nature 409:191–194

A journal article with 3 authors

Allen AP, Brown JH, Gillooly JF (2002) Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule. Science 297:1545–1548

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Xie W-J, Li M-X, Jiang Z-Q, Zhou W-X (2014) Triadic motifs in the dependence networks of virtual societies. Sci Rep 4:5244

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kitajima M (2016) Memory and Action Selection in Human-Machine Interaction. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Ataria Y, Gurevitz D, Pedaya H, Neria Y (eds) (2016) Interdisciplinary Handbook of Trauma and Culture. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Kunifuji S, Kato N, Wierzbicki AP (2007) Creativity Support in Brainstorming. In: Wierzbicki AP, Nakamori Y (eds) Creative Environments: Issues of Creativity Support for the Knowledge Civilization Age. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 93–126

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Biodegradation.

Blog post

Hale T (2015) NASA Will Upload Images Of Earth From Space Every Day. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-will-upload-images-earth-space-everyday/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1989) Automated Systems: Legislative Branch Opportunity for Sharing Payroll/Personnel Systems. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hernandez SS (2013) Professionals’ perceptions of effective interventions with elderly hoarders. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard M (2010) Virtual Target Previews Fall. New York Times E5

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Thorpe 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Tanaka and Lisberger 2001; Thorpe 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Tanaka and Lisberger 2001)
Three or more authors: (Xie et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Biodegradation
Abbreviation	Biodegradation
ISSN (print)	0923-9820
ISSN (online)	1572-9729
Scope	Bioengineering Environmental Chemistry Environmental Engineering Pollution Microbiology