How to format your references using the Biodegradation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Biodegradation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Moskovits M (2011) Applied physics. Hot electrons cross boundaries. Science 332:676–677

A journal article with 2 authors

Piperno DR, Stothert KE (2003) Phytolith evidence for early Holocene Cucurbita domestication in southwest Ecuador. Science 299:1054–1057

A journal article with 3 authors

Pompilio L, Kacelnik A, Behmer ST (2006) State-dependent learned valuation drives choice in an invertebrate. Science 311:1613–1615

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Sahu KC, Casertano S, Livio M, et al (2001) Gravitational microlensing by low-mass objects in the globular cluster M22. Nature 411:1022–1024

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ng R (2005) Drugs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Wolpers M, Kirschner PA, Scheffel M, et al (eds) (2010) Sustaining TEL: From Innovation to Learning and Practice: 5th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning, EC-TEL 2010, Barcelona, Spain, September 28 - October 1, 2010. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Das A (2007) Differentiable Manifolds with Connections. In: Das A (ed) Tensors: The Mathematics of Relativity Theory and Continuum Mechanics. Springer, New York, NY, pp 92–120

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Biodegradation.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Newly Discovered Layer In Earth’s Mantle Can Affect Surface Dwellers Too. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/newly-discovered-layer-earth-s-mantle-can-affect-surface-dwellers-too/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1996) Earth Observing System: Concerns Over NASA’s Basic Research Funding Strategy. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Moshfegh N (2014) The multidimensional wellbeing assessment: Preliminary validation in an Iranian sample. Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon M (2016) Tarnish on the Torch. New York Times BR11

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Moskovits 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Piperno and Stothert 2003; Moskovits 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Piperno and Stothert 2003)
Three or more authors: (Sahu et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Biodegradation
Abbreviation	Biodegradation
ISSN (print)	0923-9820
ISSN (online)	1572-9729
Scope	Bioengineering Environmental Chemistry Environmental Engineering Pollution Microbiology