How to format your references using the Avian Conservation and Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Avian Conservation and Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Barber, R. T. 2007. Oceans. Picoplankton do some heavy lifting. Science (New York, N.Y.) 315:777–778.

A journal article with 2 authors

Shirts, M., and V. S. Pande. 2000. COMPUTING: Screen Savers of the World Unite! Science (New York, N.Y.) 290:1903–1904.

A journal article with 3 authors

Worrell, B. T., J. A. Malik, and V. V. Fokin. 2013. Direct evidence of a dinuclear copper intermediate in Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions. Science (New York, N.Y.) 340:457–460.

A journal article with 99 or more authors

Klein, D., M. Benchellal, V. Kleff, H. G. Jakob, and S. Ergün. 2013. Hox genes are involved in vascular wall-resident multipotent stem cell differentiation into smooth muscle cells. Scientific reports 3:2178.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Posudin, Y. 2014. Methods of Measuring Environmental Parameters. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Cannarsa, P. 2008. Introduzione alla teoria della misura e all’analisi funzionale. Page (T. D’Aprile, Ed.). Springer, Milano.

A chapter in an edited book

Hou, C., S. Chang, J. Lin, and D. Song. 2015. Pedicled Perforator Flaps. Pages 15–25 in S. Chang, J. Lin, and D. Song, editors. Surgical Atlas of Perforator Flaps: A Microsurgical Dissection Technique. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Avian Conservation and Ecology.

Blog post

Andrew, E. 2015, August 21. Whales Are Dying Around Alaska, And Scientists Don’t Know Why. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/whales-are-dying-round-alaska-and-scientists-dont-know-why/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2007. Aviation Security: DHS Has Made Progress in Securing the Commercial Aviation System, but Key Challenges Remain. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hung, H.-C. 2006. Allocation of Jobs and Resources to Work Centers. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G. 2010, May 20. A New Owner Makes A Winning Impression. New York Times:B20.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Barber 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Shirts and Pande 2000, Barber 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Shirts and Pande 2000)
Three or more authors: (Klein et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Avian Conservation and Ecology
Abbreviation	Avian Conserv. Ecol.
ISSN (online)	1712-6568
Scope	Animal Science and Zoology Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecology Nature and Landscape Conservation