How to format your references using the Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Thomas, C. D. (2013). The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity. Nature, 502(7469), 7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Williamson, C. E., & Rose, K. C. (2010). Environmental science. When UV meets fresh water. Science (New York, N.Y.), 329(5992), 637–639.

A journal article with 3 authors

Jedema, F. J., Filip, A. T., & Van Wees, B. J. (2002). Spintronics (Communication arising): Spin accumulation in mesoscopic systems. Nature, 416(6883), 810.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Levin, V., Shapiro, N., Park, J., & Ritzwoller, M. (2002). Seismic evidence for catastrophic slab loss beneath Kamchatka. Nature, 418(6899), 763–767.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lovejoy, D. A. (2005). Neuroendocrinology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Kim, C.-S., Randow, C., & Sano, T. (Eds.). (2015). Hybrid and Hierarchical Composite Materials. Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Oesterle, E. C., & Stone, J. S. (2008). Hair Cell Regeneration: Mechanisms Guiding Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation. In R. J. Salvi, A. N. Popper, & R. R. Fay (Eds.), Hair Cell Regeneration, Repair, and Protection (pp. 141–197). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2016, June 1). Watch NASA Successfully Inflate Their Expandable Space Module. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/watch-nasa-successfully-inflate-their-expandable-space-module/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1989). Research and Development: Funding of Jet Aircraft Engines for Fiscal Years 1984-1988 (NSIAD-89-12FS). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Belflower, K. E. (2012). The relationship between demographic and employment variables of job satisfaction among emergency nurses [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Phoenix.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Burghardt, L. F. (2006, May 21). Where Stars Are Born and Flops Revealed. New York Times, 14LI8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Thomas, 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Thomas, 2013; Williamson & Rose, 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Williamson & Rose, 2010)
Three authors: (Jedema et al., 2002)
6 or more authors: (Levin et al., 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties
Abbreviation	Aust. J. Learn. Diffic.
ISSN (print)	1940-4158
ISSN (online)	1940-4166
Scope	Developmental and Educational Psychology Social Psychology Education