How to format your references using the Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Loder, N. (2000). Case of the stolen Enigma machine takes cryptic turn. Nature, 407(6802), 278.

A journal article with 2 authors

Carter, R. M., & Gammon, P. (2004). New Zealand maritime glaciation: millennial-scale southern climate change since 3.9 Ma. Science (New York, N.Y.), 304(5677), 1659–1662.

A journal article with 3 authors

Aarts, H., Custers, R., & Marien, H. (2008). Preparing and motivating behavior outside of awareness. Science (New York, N.Y.), 319(5870), 1639.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Chen, J.-J., Meng, J., Yu, D.-P., & Liao, Z.-M. (2014). Fabrication and electrical properties of stacked graphene monolayers. Scientific Reports, 4, 5065.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cherrie, J. W., Howie, R. M., & Semple, S. (2010). Monitoring for Health Hazards at Work. Wiley-Blackwell.

An edited book

Beer, G., & Bordas, S. (Eds.). (2015). Isogeometric Methods for Numerical Simulation (1st ed., Vol. 561). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Rockstuhl, C., Fahr, S., & Lederer, F. (2012). Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Metallic Nanostructures: Fundamentals and Their Application to Thin-Film Solar Cells. In A. B. Cristóbal López, A. Martí Vega, & A. Luque López (Eds.), Next Generation of Photovoltaics: New Concepts (pp. 131–155). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2016, December 5). Three Deer Were Found In The Belly Of This Burmese Python In Florida. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/three-deer-were-found-in-the-belly-of-this-burmese-python-in-florida/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2013). Status of the Department of Education’s Inventory of Its Data Collections (GAO-13-596R). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Migues, K. P. (2017). A Qualitative Exploration of Retention of Experienced Teachers: Why Do They Stay? [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Louisiana.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Prochnik, G. (2017, January 6). He Remade Kings. New York Times, BR17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Loder, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Carter & Gammon, 2004; Loder, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Carter & Gammon, 2004)
Three authors: (Aarts et al., 2008)
6 or more authors: (Chen et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties
Abbreviation	Aust. J. Learn. Diffic.
ISSN (print)	1940-4158
ISSN (online)	1940-4166
Scope	Developmental and Educational Psychology Social Psychology Education