How to format your references using the Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Dodds PN (2010) Plant science. Genome evolution in plant pathogens. Science 330:1486–1487

A journal article with 2 authors

Steel WH, Walker RA (2003) Measuring dipolar width across liquid-liquid interfaces with “molecular rulers.” Nature 424:296–299

A journal article with 3 authors

Ryugo DK, Kretzmer EA, Niparko JK (2005) Restoration of auditory nerve synapses in cats by cochlear implants. Science 310:1490–1492

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Denofrio LA, Russell B, Lopatto D, Lu Y (2007) Mentoring. Linking student interests to science curricula. Science 318:1872–1873

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kyan M, Muneesawang P, Jarrah K, Guan L (2014) Unsupervised Learning. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Wilson EJ, Hair JF (2015) Proceedings of the 1996 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Karuppusamy S, Jerome J (2014) Real-Time Video Based Face Identification Using Fast Sparse Representation and Incremental Learning. In: Thampi SM, Gelbukh A, Mukhopadhyay J (eds) Advances in Signal Processing and Intelligent Recognition Systems. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 33–44

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Night Owls Have A Higher Risk Of Developing Diabetes Than Early Birds. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/night-owls-have-higher-risk-developing-diabetes-early-birds/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1979) What Assurance Does Office of Education’s Eligibility Process Provide? U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

He H (2006) Numerical Simulations of Unsteady Flows in a Pulse Detonation Engine by the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Forsythe M (2017) A Missing Tycoon’s Links to Dalian Wanda, China’s Troubled Conglomerate. New York Times B3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery
Abbreviation	Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg.
ISSN (print)	0936-8051
ISSN (online)	1434-3916
Scope	Surgery General Medicine Orthopedics and Sports Medicine