How to format your references using the Applied Spectroscopy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Spectroscopy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

T. Tokano. “Planetary science. Precipitation climatology on Titan”. Science. 2011. 331(6023): 1393–1394.

A journal article with 2 authors

R. Calsbeek, R.M. Cox. “Experimentally assessing the relative importance of predation and competition as agents of selection”. Nature. 2010. 465(7298): 613–616.

A journal article with 3 authors

J. Schieber, D. Krinsley, L. Riciputi. “Diagenetic origin of quartz silt in mudstones and implications for silica cycling”. Nature. 2000. 406(6799): 981–985.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

J. Zhang, Y. Zhao, X. Zhao, Z. Liu, W. Chen. “Porous perovskite LaNiO3 nanocubes as cathode catalysts for Li-O2 batteries with low charge potential”. Sci. Rep. 2014. 4: 6005.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Q.-C. Zhong, T. Hornik. Control of Power Inverters in Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Integration. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom, 2012.

An edited book

A. Assi. Numerical Semigroups and Applications. P.A. García-Sánchez, editor. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

P.H. Kirshen, E.M. Douglas, M. Paolisso, A. Enrici. “Social and Cultural Incentives and Obstacles to Adaptation to Increased Coastal Flooding in East Boston, MA USA”. In: H.A. Karl, L. Scarlett, J.C. Vargas-Moreno, M. Flaxman, editors. Restoring Lands - Coordinating Science, Politics and Action: Complexities of Climate and Governance. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2012. Pp. 85–107.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Spectroscopy.

Blog post

D. Andrew. “Here Are The Areas In The Us Most Likely To Be Struck In A Nuclear Attack By Russia”. IFLScience. IFLScience, 2017. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/here-are-the-areas-in-the-us-most-likely-to-be-struck-in-a-nuclear-attack-by-russia/ [Oct 30 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. No Child Left Behind Act: Education Should Clarify Guidance and Address Potential Compliance Issues for Schools in Corrective Action and Restructuring Status. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2007.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

F. Al-Alawadhi. Oral History of Women Educators in Kuwait: A Comparative Model of Care Ethics Between Noddings and Al-Ghazali. [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

W. by J. Leland. Silence Is Golden. New York Times. 2017. MB7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Spectroscopy
Abbreviation	Appl. Spectrosc.
ISSN (print)	0003-7028
ISSN (online)	1943-3530
Scope	Spectroscopy Instrumentation