How to format your references using the Applied Spectroscopy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Spectroscopy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

R. Rogers. “A chemist believes that an ionic liquid is the place for a noxious gas”. Nature. 2008. 454(7204): 555.

A journal article with 2 authors

C.P. Giardina, M.G. Ryan. “Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature”. Nature. 2000. 404(6780): 858–861.

A journal article with 3 authors

D. Bowman, G. King, P. Tapponnier. “Slip partitioning by elastoplastic propagation of oblique slip at depth”. Science. 2003. 300(5622): 1121–1123.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

M. Yamasaki, W. Li, D.J.D. Johnson, J.A. Huntington. “Crystal structure of a stable dimer reveals the molecular basis of serpin polymerization”. Nature. 2008. 455(7217): 1255–1258.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

R.A. Stephans. System Safety for the 21 st Century. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2004.

An edited book

T. Rabl, K. Sachs, M. Poess, C. Baru, H.-A. Jacobson, eds. Big Data Benchmarking: 5th International Workshop, WBDB 2014, Potsdam, Germany, August 5-6- 2014, Revised Selected Papers. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

A. Furberg, J.A. Dolonen. “Teacher Support in Technology-Based Science Learning”. In: E. Elstad, editor. Educational Technology and Polycontextual Bridging. SensePublishers, Rotterdam, 2016. Pp. 83–105.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Spectroscopy.

Blog post

B. Taub. “Ancient 6,000-Year-Old Parisian Skeletons May Have Had Their Skulls Smashed In By ‘Furious Ritualized Warriors’”. IFLScience. IFLScience, 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/ancient-6000yearold-parisian-skeletons-may-have-had-their-skulls-smashed-in-by-furious-ritualized-warriors/ [Oct 30 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Transportation Security: TSA Has Developed a Risk-Based Covert Testing Program, but Could Better Mitigate Aviation Security Vulnerabilities Identified Through Covert Tests. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2008.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

E.C. Louviere. Bonds Behind Bars: The Impact of Program Participation on Interpersonal Inmate Connections in Louisiana State Penitentiary. [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

K. Crow. Meters Are Running, And Hawking, Too. New York Times. 2002. 146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Spectroscopy
Abbreviation	Appl. Spectrosc.
ISSN (print)	0003-7028
ISSN (online)	1943-3530
Scope	Spectroscopy Instrumentation