How to format your references using the Applied Spectroscopy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Spectroscopy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

D. Adam. “British chemists warned of impending stagnation”. Nature. 2003. 421(6919): 100.

A journal article with 2 authors

J. Flint, M. Munafò. “Schizophrenia: genesis of a complex disease”. Nature. 2014. 511(7510): 412–413.

A journal article with 3 authors

C.Y. Huang, M.A. Ayliffe, J.N. Timmis. “Direct measurement of the transfer rate of chloroplast DNA into the nucleus”. Nature. 2003. 422(6927): 72–76.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

G.M. Ruiz, T.K. Rawlings, F.C. Dobbs, L.A. Drake, T. Mullady, A. Huq, et al. “Global spread of microorganisms by ships”. Nature. 2000. 408(6808): 49–50.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

H. Ellis, A. Lawson. Anatomy for Anaesthetists. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2013.

An edited book

E. Airoldi, D.M. Blei, S.E. Fienberg, A. Goldenberg, E.P. Xing, A.X. Zheng, eds. Statistical Network Analysis: Models, Issues, and New Directions: ICML 2006 Workshop on Statistical Network Analysis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, June 29, 2006, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

Z. Huiqin, G. Pingjian, M. Jun. “Research on the Mode of Computer-Aided Translation Teaching Process”. In: Y. Wu, editor. Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering: Theory and Practice: Volume 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2012. Pp. 25–32.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Spectroscopy.

Blog post

J. O`Callaghan. “France Joins The Hyperloop Race By Investing In American Company”. IFLScience. IFLScience, 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/france-joins-hyperloop-race-investing-american-company/ [Oct 30 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Requirements for Recurring Reports to the Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1980.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

T. Dodge. The effects of interactivity and visual realism on children’s cognitive empathy toward narrative characters. [Doctoral dissertation]. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

G. Vecsey. Suddenly, Jeter’s Not Fine. New York Times. 2011. B14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Spectroscopy
Abbreviation	Appl. Spectrosc.
ISSN (print)	0003-7028
ISSN (online)	1943-3530
Scope	Spectroscopy Instrumentation