How to format your references using the Applied Spectroscopy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Spectroscopy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

A.G. Murzin. “Biochemistry. Metamorphic proteins”. Science. 2008. 320(5884): 1725–1726.

A journal article with 2 authors

T.B. Kornberg, L. Gilboa. “Developmental biology: Nanotubes in the niche”. Nature. 2015. 523(7560): 292–293.

A journal article with 3 authors

Y.T. Didenko, W.B. McNamara 3rd, K.S. Suslick. “Molecular emission from single-bubble sonoluminescence”. Nature. 2000. 407(6806): 877–879.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

A. Lopert, M. Rijavec, M. Zavbi, P. Korošec, M. Fležar. “Asthma treatment outcome in adults is associated with rs9910408 in TBX21 gene”. Sci. Rep. 2013. 3: 2915.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

I. Horton. Ivor Horton’s Beginning Visual C++® 2012. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2012.

An edited book

T.M. Pawlik, S.K. Maithel, N.B. Merchant, eds. Gastrointestinal Surgery: Management of Complex Perioperative Complications. Springer, New York, NY, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

A. Baffa, M. Poggi, B. Feijó. “Adaptive Automated Storytelling Based on Audience Response”. In: K. Chorianopoulos, M. Divitini, J. Baalsrud Hauge, L. Jaccheri, R. Malaka, editors. Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2015: 14th International Conference, ICEC 2015, Trondheim, Norway, September 29 - Ocotober 2, 2015, Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2015. Pp. 45–58.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Spectroscopy.

Blog post

E. Andrew. “What Is The Biggest Star In The Universe?” IFLScience. IFLScience, 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/space/what-biggest-star-universe/ [Oct 30 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Deferred Maintenance Reporting: Challenges to Implementation. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

M.Y. Flores. Delinquency prevention program for Latino youth: A grant proposal project. [Doctoral dissertation]. California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

S. Hartman. The Pie Maker’s Tale. New York Times. 2016. MB1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Spectroscopy
Abbreviation	Appl. Spectrosc.
ISSN (print)	0003-7028
ISSN (online)	1943-3530
Scope	Spectroscopy Instrumentation