How to format your references using the Applied Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sarewitz, D. World View: Missing Weapons. Nature 2010, 464, 672.

A journal article with 2 authors

Piketty, T.; Saez, E. Inequality in the Long Run. Science 2014, 344, 838–843.

A journal article with 3 authors

Jacque, J.-M.; Triques, K.; Stevenson, M. Modulation of HIV-1 Replication by RNA Interference. Nature 2002, 418, 435–438.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Hsu, H.-J.; Liang, M.-R.; Chen, C.-T.; Chung, B.-C. Pregnenolone Stabilizes Microtubules and Promotes Zebrafish Embryonic Cell Movement. Nature 2006, 439, 480–483.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kramer, H. Angewandte Baudynamik; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2013; ISBN 9783433602690.

An edited book

Glycosignals in Cancer: Mechanisms of Malignant Phenotypes; Furukawa, K., Fukuda, M., Eds.; 1st ed. 2016.; Springer Japan: Tokyo, 2016; ISBN 9784431559375.

A chapter in an edited book

Bishnupuri, K.S.; Mishra, M.K. Epigenetics of Colorectal Cancer. In Epigenetic Advancements in Cancer; Mishra, M.K., Bishnupuri, K.S., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016; pp. 97–121 ISBN 9783319249490.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Sciences.

Blog post

Carpineti, A. Two Scientists Contemplate If Aliens Are Behind Fast Radio Bursts Available online: https://www.iflscience.com/space/two-scientists-contemplate-if-aliens-are-behind-fast-radio-bursts/ (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Cuban Embargo: Selected Issues Relating to Travel, Exports, and Telecommunications; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1998;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hendricks-Harris, M.T. Quality Induction: The Effects of Comprehensive Induction on New Teacher Retention and Job Satisfaction. Doctoral dissertation, Lindenwood University: St. Charles, MO, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Photographs by GEORGE ETHEREDGE for THE NEW YORK TIMES The Color Red. New York Times 2017, RE12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Sciences
Abbreviation	Appl. Sci. (Basel)
ISSN (online)	2076-3417
Scope