How to format your references using the Applied Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Sciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ruelle, D. Here Be No Dragons. Nature 2001, 411, 27.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kosaka, Y.; Xie, S.-P. Recent Global-Warming Hiatus Tied to Equatorial Pacific Surface Cooling. Nature 2013, 501, 403–407.

A journal article with 3 authors

Foster, S.L.; Hargreaves, D.C.; Medzhitov, R. Gene-Specific Control of Inflammation by TLR-Induced Chromatin Modifications. Nature 2007, 447, 972–978.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Irifune, T.; Higo, Y.; Inoue, T.; Kono, Y.; Ohfuji, H.; Funakoshi, K. Sound Velocities of Majorite Garnet and the Composition of the Mantle Transition Region. Nature 2008, 451, 814–817.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Krishnan, V. Probability and Random Processes; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2006; ISBN 9780471998303.

An edited book

Management of Water Quality in Moldova; Duca, G., Ed.; Water Science and Technology Library; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2014; Vol. 69; ISBN 9783319027074.

A chapter in an edited book

Shah, P.P. Agency as Negotiation: Social Norms, Girls’ Schooling and Marriage in Gujarat, India. In Education and Youth Agency: Qualitative Case Studies in Global Contexts; DeJaeghere, J.G., Josić, J., McCleary, K.S., Eds.; Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2016; pp. 85–102 ISBN 9783319333427.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Sciences.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. NASA To Test Mars Radiation Shield On Its Mission Around the Moon Available online: https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-to-test-mars-radiation-shield-on-its-mission-around-the-moon/ (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Federal Trust and Other Earmarked Funds: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2001;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Stanford, C.J. Highly Sensitive Fiber Bragg Grating Biosensors. Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park: College Park, MD, 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K. Running in Place. New York Times 2002, 141.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Sciences
Abbreviation	Appl. Sci. (Basel)
ISSN (online)	2076-3417
Scope