How to format your references using the Applied Informatics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Informatics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kane TJ (2003) Education. The long road to race-blindness. Science 302:571–573

A journal article with 2 authors

Hopkins R, Rausher MD (2011) Identification of two genes causing reinforcement in the Texas wildflower Phlox drummondii. Nature 469:411–414

A journal article with 3 authors

Seibel BA, Robison BH, Haddock SHD (2005) Post-spawning egg care by a squid. Nature 438:929

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Jangra RK, Herbert AS, Li R, et al (2018) Protocadherin-1 is essential for cell entry by New World hantaviruses. Nature 563:559–563

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Shreves R (2009) Joomla!® Bible. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA

An edited book

Goldengorin B, Kalyagin VA, Pardalos PM (eds) (2013) Models, Algorithms, and Technologies for Network Analysis: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Network Analysis. Springer, New York, NY

A chapter in an edited book

Li W, Meng W, Kwok L-F (2014) Design of Intrusion Sensitivity-Based Trust Management Model for Collaborative Intrusion Detection Networks. In: Zhou J, Gal-Oz N, Zhang J, Gudes E (eds) Trust Management VIII: 8th IFIP WG 11.11 International Conference, IFIPTM 2014, Singapore, July 7-10, 2014. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 61–76

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Informatics.

Blog post

Luntz S (2016) Extinct Kitten-Sized Marsupial Lion Named After David Attenborough. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/newlydiscovered-extinct-kittensized-marsupial-lion-named-after-david-attenborough/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2009) Aviation Safety: Better Data and Targeted FAA Efforts Needed to Identify and Address Safety Issues of Small Air Cargo Carriers. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Brown JR (2010) Trajectories of parents’ experiences in discovering, reporting, and living with the aftermath of middle school bullying. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Brantley B (2017) A Princess (Maybe) With an Identity Crisis. New York Times C1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kane 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Kane 2003; Hopkins and Rausher 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Hopkins and Rausher 2011)
Three or more authors: (Jangra et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Informatics
Abbreviation	Appl. Inform. (Berl)
ISSN (online)	2196-0089
Scope