How to format your references using the Applied Informatics citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Informatics. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Greene M (2001) A tool, not a tyrant. Nature 410:875

A journal article with 2 authors

Dorin JR, Jackson IJ (2007) Genetics. Beta-defensin repertoire expands. Science 318:1395

A journal article with 3 authors

Tayagaki T, Hoshi Y, Usami N (2013) Investigation of the open-circuit voltage in solar cells doped with quantum dots. Sci Rep 3:2703

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Wang H, Zhu X, Li H, et al (2014) Induction of caspase-3-like activity in rice following release of cytochrome-f from the chloroplast and subsequent interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Sci Rep 4:5989

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Equipment Testing Procedures Committee (2005) Continuous Direct-Heat Rotary Dryers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Zaidi H (ed) (2006) Quantitative Analysis in Nuclear Medicine Imaging. Springer US, Boston, MA

A chapter in an edited book

Ganpule AP, Desai MR (2014) PNL: Indications and Guidelines: Urolithiasis. In: Scoffone CM, Hoznek A, Cracco CM (eds) Supine Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and ECIRS: The New Way of Interpreting PNL. Springer, Paris, pp 25–31

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Informatics.

Blog post

Andrews R (2017) Researchers Plan To Bring The Caspian Tiger Back From The Dead. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/researchers-plan-to-bring-the-caspian-tiger-back-from-the-dead/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1992) DOT Contract Oversight. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Subramanian K (2003) Mechanisms and Effect of Microstructure on High Temperature Deformation of Gamma-TiAl Based Alloys. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

de la MERCED MJ (2017) Blue Apron Pursues I.P.O. As Amazon Poses Threat. New York Times B2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Greene 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Greene 2001; Dorin and Jackson 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Dorin and Jackson 2007)
Three or more authors: (Wang et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Applied Informatics
Abbreviation	Appl. Inform. (Berl)
ISSN (online)	2196-0089
Scope