How to format your references using the Annals of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik P. Best of both worlds. Nature. 2003;426:706–707.

A journal article with 2 authors

Timmermann A, Menviel L. Climate change. What drives climate flip-flops? Science. 2009;325:273–274.

A journal article with 3 authors

Fischer J, Baumgartner J, Marschner C. Synthesis and structure of sila-adamantane. Science. 2005;310:825.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Jiang D, Hao M, Fu J, et al. Spatial-temporal variation of marginal land suitable for energy plants from 1990 to 2010 in China. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5816.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Paultre P. Dynamics of Structures. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Seli E, Agarwal A, eds. Fertility Preservation: Emerging Technologies and Clinical Applications. New York, NY: Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Xu T, Yuan Y, Yoo JJ. Cell Source for Tissue and Organ Printing. In: Narayan R, Boland T, Lee Y-S, eds. Printed Biomaterials: Novel Processing and Modeling Techniques for Medicine and Surgery. New York, NY: Springer; 2010:57–69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. Human Trial Investigating Cannabis As A Brain Cancer Treatment Set To Begin This Year. IFLScience. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/human-trial-investigating-cannabis-brain-cancer-treatment-set-commence-year-embargoed-11-jun/. 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Embedded Computer Systems: F-14D Aircraft Software Is Not Reliable. IMTEC-92-21; Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; April 2, 1992.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bravo M. The development of a viable business plan: Analytics of 30 day readmission rates for hospitals and ancillary services. Doctoral Dissertation; California State University, Long Beach; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh MW. Next Chicago School Crisis: Pension Fund. New York Times, September 19, 2012, A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of Surgery
Abbreviation	Ann. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0003-4932
ISSN (online)	1528-1140
Scope	Surgery