How to format your references using the Annals of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

McKee M. Sally Ride (1951-2012). Nature. 2012;488:460.

A journal article with 2 authors

Elderfield H, Rickaby RE. Oceanic Cd/P ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial Southern Ocean. Nature. 2000;405:305–310.

A journal article with 3 authors

MacLeod N, Benfield M, Culverhouse P. Time to automate identification. Nature. 2010;467:154–155.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Yanagida T, Nagashima K, Oka K, et al. Scaling effect on unipolar and bipolar resistive switching of metal oxides. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1657.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

McGrath AE. Darwinism and the Divine. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

An edited book

Schwab M, ed. Encyclopedia of Cancer. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Guyeux C, Bahi JM. A Topological Study of Chaotic Iterations Application to Hash Functions. In: Elizondo DA, Solanas A, Martinez-Balleste A, eds. Computational Intelligence for Privacy and Security. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012:51–73.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of Surgery.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. Goodbye, Rosetta: World Bids Farewell As Spacecraft Ends Mission With Comet Impact. IFLScience. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/goodbye-rosetta-world-bids-farewell-as-spacecraft-ends-mission-with-comet-impact/. 2016. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. NASA Project Status Reports: Congressional Requirements Can Be Met, but Reliability Must Be Ensured. NSIAD-90-40; Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; January 23, 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Vado PF. Foster Care Independence Act of 1999: A policy analysis. Doctoral Dissertation; California State University, Long Beach; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barron J. A Solution to Subway Delays Caused by Crowding? More Standing Room. New York Times, October 17, 2017, A22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of Surgery
Abbreviation	Ann. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0003-4932
ISSN (online)	1528-1140
Scope	Surgery