How to format your references using the Annals of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gregory R. The blind leading the sighted. Nature. 2004;430:836.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hellmann H, Estelle M. Plant development: regulation by protein degradation. Science. 2002;297:793–797.

A journal article with 3 authors

Galy V, Peucker-Ehrenbrink B, Eglinton T. Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion. Nature. 2015;521:204–207.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Tomoda M, Dehoux T, Iwasaki Y, et al. Nanoscale mechanical contacts mapped by ultrashort time-scale electron transport. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4790.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Brook MV. Ultrasonic Inspection Technology Development and Search Unit Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

Mattiasson B, Ye L, eds. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Biotechnology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Liu Y, Chen L. Control of Chaotic Attitude Motion. In: Chen L, ed. Chaos in Attitude Dynamics of Spacecraft. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013:131–163.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of Surgery.

Blog post

Fang J. Scientists Double The Size Of Ants. IFLScience. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/scientists-shrink-ants-study-how-environment-affects-size/. 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Tobacco Product Regulation: Most FDA Spending Funded Public Education, Regulatory Science, and Compliance and Enforcement Activities. GAO-14-561; Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; June 20, 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Panteleyeva NB. Statistical methods of latent structure discovery in child-directed speech. Doctoral Dissertation; Indiana University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Waldstein D. Cleveland’s Renaissance Reaches the World Series. New York Times, October 19, 2016, B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of Surgery
Abbreviation	Ann. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0003-4932
ISSN (online)	1528-1140
Scope	Surgery