How to format your references using the Annals of Joint citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of Joint (AOJ). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Leggett AJ. Quantum liquids. Science 2008;319:1203–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

Qian H, Ricklefs RE. Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants. Nature 2000;407:180–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zimmer J, Nam Y, Rapoport TA. Structure of a complex of the ATPase SecA and the protein-translocation channel. Nature 2008;455:936–43.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Smittenberg RH, Eglinton TI, Schouten S, Damsté JSS. Ongoing buildup of refractory organic carbon in boreal soils during the Holocene. Science 2006;314:1283–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

van Etten WC. Introduction to Random Signals and Noise. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006.

An edited book

Griffin DE, Oldstone MBA, editors. Measles: History and Basic Biology. vol. 329. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

Martins VF, Kirner TG, Kirner C. Subjective Usability Evaluation Criteria of Augmented Reality Applications. In: Shumaker R, Lackey S, editors. Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: 7th International Conference, VAMR 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015:39–48.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of Joint.

Blog post

Andrew E. How Saturn’s Shepherd Moons Herd Its Rings. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/space/how-saturns-shepherd-moons-herd-its-rings/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Aviation Security: Measures for Testing the Impact of Using Commercial Data for the Secure Flight Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2005.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lamb BK. A Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Emissions at a Roundabout and a Signalized Intersection in a Mid-Sized City. Doctoral dissertation. Southern Illinois University, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. Safe, for Now. New York Times 2002:141.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of Joint
Abbreviation	Ann. Jt.
ISSN (online)	2415-6809
Scope