How to format your references using the Annals of Epidemiology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals of Epidemiology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Schilling G. HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS: X-ray Satellites Seek Clues to Bursts. Science 2000;290:927.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Northrup AB, MacMillan DWC. Two-step synthesis of carbohydrates by selective aldol reactions. Science 2004;305:1752–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Nishiyama T, Ohsumi K, Kishimoto T. Phosphorylation of Erp1 by p90rsk is required for cytostatic factor arrest in Xenopus laevis eggs. Nature 2007;446:1096–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Jia J, Amanai K, Wang G, Tang J, Wang B, Jiang J. Shaggy/GSK3 antagonizes Hedgehog signalling by regulating Cubitus interruptus. Nature 2002;416:548–52.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Abran A. Software Project Estimation. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Budak H, Spangenberg G, editors. Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf: The Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on the Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Marsh S, Noël S, Storer T, Wang Y, Briggs P, Robart L, et al. Non-standards for Trust: Foreground Trust and Second Thoughts for Mobile Security. In: Meadows C, Fernandez-Gago C, editors. Security and Trust Management: 7th International Workshop, STM 2011, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 27-28, 2011, Revised Selected Papers, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012, p. 28–39.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals of Epidemiology.

Blog post

[1]

Davis J. Creating Babies Without Eggs May One Day Be Possible Thanks To Groundbreaking New Research. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/creating-babies-without-eggs-may-one-day-be-possible-thanks-to-groundbreaking-new-research/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Excluded Parties List System: Suspended and Debarred Businesses and Individuals Improperly Receive Federal Funds. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Katukuri J. Relationship Extraction and Link Discovery from Biomedical Literature. Doctoral dissertation. University of Louisiana, 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Hubbard B. Saudi-Led Coalition Admits Error in Funeral Bombing in Yemen. New York Times 2016:A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals of Epidemiology
Abbreviation	Ann. Epidemiol.
ISSN (print)	1047-2797
Scope	Epidemiology