How to format your references using the Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Farr NL. Questioning placebo controls. Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1747c.

A journal article with 2 authors

Novas FE, Pol D. New evidence on deinonychosaurian dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature. 2005 Feb 24;433(7028):858–61.

A journal article with 3 authors

Brennan MD, Cheong R, Levchenko A. Systems biology. How information theory handles cell signaling and uncertainty. Science. 2012 Oct 19;338(6105):334–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Smith O, Clapham AJ, Rose P, Liu Y, Wang J, Allaby RG. Genomic methylation patterns in archaeological barley show de-methylation as a time-dependent diagenetic process. Sci Rep. 2014 Jul 4;4:5559.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Brodsky BS, Stanley B. The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Primer. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2013.

An edited book

Yilbas BS. Laser Pulse Heating of Surfaces and Thermal Stress Analysis. Al-Dweik AY, Al-Aqeeli N, Al-Qahtani HM, editors. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing; 2014. X, 180 p. (Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology).

A chapter in an edited book

Fan ML, Chen YN, Su P, Chuang CT. Challenges and Designs of TFET for Digital Applications. In: Zhang L, Chan M, editors. Tunneling Field Effect Transistor Technology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 89–109.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016. Solar Impulse Plane Completes Record-Breaking Flight Around The World Powered Only By The Sun.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Deaf Education: Costs and Student Characteristics at Federally Assisted Schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1986 Feb. Report No.: HRD-86-64BR.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

De la Rosa-Carrillo EL. On the language of Internet Memes [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Alvarez L, Santora M. 25 Years Later, the Hard Lessons of Hurricane Andrew Still Guide Florida. New York Times. 2017 Sep 6;A14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (1).
This sentence cites two references (1,2).
This sentence cites four references (1–4).

About the journal

Full journal title	Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore
ISSN (print)	0304-4602
Scope