How to format your references using the American Journal of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Hengartner MO. Apoptosis. DNA destroyers. Nature 2001;412:27, 29.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Kiani R, Shadlen MN. Representation of confidence associated with a decision by neurons in the parietal cortex. Science 2009;324:759–64.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Hannon JB, Tersoff J, Tromp RM. Surface stress and thermodynamic nanoscale size selection. Science 2002;295:299–301.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Gao F, Wei Z, An W, Wang K, Lu W. The interactomes of POU5F1 and SOX2 enhancers in human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2013;3:1588.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Marcus Y. Supercritical Water. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

[1]

Weiss S, Ferrand N, editors. Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia: Evolutionary perspectives on the origins and conservation of European biodiversity. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2007.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Vinel A, Artières T. Maximizing Edit Distance Accuracy with Hidden Conditional Random Fields. In: Wilson R, Hancock E, Bors A, Smith W, editors. Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns: 15th International Conference, CAIP 2013, York, UK, August 27-29, 2013, Proceedings, Part I, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013, p. 45–53.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery.

Blog post

[1]

O`Callaghan J. How Many Trees Are There Left On Earth? More Than 3 Trillion, Finds Major New Study. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/we-now-know-exactly-how-many-trees-are-earth/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Energy Research and Development Administration’s Accounting System for Accounts Receivable. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Landry C. A Phenomenological Investigation of the Factors that Influence Motivation, Recruitment and Retention of Volunteers Age 65 and Over. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Johnson G. Beyond Energy, Matter, Time and Space. New York Times 2014:D6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Medicine and Surgery
Abbreviation	Am. J. Otolaryngol.
ISSN (print)	0196-0709
Scope	Otorhinolaryngology