How to format your references using the American Journal of Criminal Justice citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Criminal Justice. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Prum, R. O. (2010). Moulting tail feathers in a juvenile oviraptorisaur. Nature, 468(7320), E1; discussion E2.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kirwan, M. L., & Mudd, S. M. (2012). Response of salt-marsh carbon accumulation to climate change. Nature, 489(7417), 550–553.

A journal article with 3 authors

Silva-Santos, B., Pennington, D. J., & Hayday, A. C. (2005). Lymphotoxin-mediated regulation of gammadelta cell differentiation by alphabeta T cell progenitors. Science (New York, N.Y.), 307(5711), 925–928.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Trachtenberg, J. T., Chen, B. E., Knott, G. W., Feng, G., Sanes, J. R., Welker, E., & Svoboda, K. (2002). Long-term in vivo imaging of experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in adult cortex. Nature, 420(6917), 788–794.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Seagal, Z. M., & Surnina, O. M. (2016). Ultrasonic Topographical and Pathotopographical Anatomy. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &;#38; Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Patel, B. (Ed.). (2016). Endodontic Treatment, Retreatment, and Surgery: Mastering Clinical Practice. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Shen, G., & Zhang, Y. (2013). Power Consumption Constrained Task Scheduling Using Enhanced Genetic Algorithms. In S. U. Khan, J. Kołodziej, J. Li, & A. Y. Zomaya (Eds.), Evolutionary Based Solutions for Green Computing (pp. 139–159). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Criminal Justice.

Blog post

Hale, T. (2016, September 26). Pharmaceutical Company Bumps Up Price Of Skin Cream To Nearly $10,000. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/pharmaceutical-company-bumps-up-price-of-skin-cream-to-nearly-10000/. Accessed 30 October 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1988). Investing in the Very Young (No. 137163). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jaffer, S. (2013). Harnessing innovation in the 21st century: the impact of leadership styles (Doctoral dissertation). George Washington University, Washington, DC.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Harris, E. A., & Seelye, K. Q. (2017, April 15). Choate Rosemary Hall, a Very Private School, Publicly Catalogs Its Sins. New York Times, p. A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Prum 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Kirwan and Mudd 2012; Prum 2010).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kirwan and Mudd 2012)
Three or more authors: (Trachtenberg et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Criminal Justice
Abbreviation	Am. J. Crim. Justice
ISSN (print)	1066-2316
ISSN (online)	1936-1351
Scope	Law