How to format your references using the African Journal of Urology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for African Journal of Urology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Crow JM. HPV: The global burden. Nature 2012;488:S2-3.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Friedman JS, Walter MA. Biomedicine. Under pressure. Science 2002;295:983–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Chen Q, Bae SC, Granick S. Directed self-assembly of a colloidal kagome lattice. Nature 2011;469:381–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Elsig J, Schmitt J, Leuenberger D, Schneider R, Eyer M, Leuenberger M, et al. Stable isotope constraints on Holocene carbon cycle changes from an Antarctic ice core. Nature 2009;461:507–10.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Wolf RA. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma for Surface Modification. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

[1]

Arestis P, Sawyer M, editors. Financial Liberalisation: Past, Present and Future. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Verma AK, Ajit S, Kumar M. Network Technologies for Real-Time Systems. In: Ajit S, Kumar M, editors. Dependability of Networked Computer-based Systems, London: Springer; 2011, p. 105–29.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for African Journal of Urology.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. Timelapse Video Shows The “Peaceful Bliss” Of Preparing Fossils For Show. IFLScience 2017. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/timelapse-video-shows-the-peaceful-bliss-of-preparing-fossils-for-show/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Guaranteed Student Loans: Profits of Secondary Market Lenders Vary Widely. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Pokhrel P. Towards improved identification of spatially-distributed rainfall runoff models. Doctoral dissertation. University of Arizona, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Lee L. Bridal Hunger Games. New York Times 2012:ST14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	African Journal of Urology
Abbreviation	Afr. J. Urol.
ISSN (print)	1110-5704
Scope	Urology