How to format your references using the African Journal of Emergency Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for African Journal of Emergency Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Grünbaum D. Ecology. Why did you Lévy? Science 2011;332:1514–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Gurdon JB, Bourillot PY. Morphogen gradient interpretation. Nature 2001;413:797–803.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Miller JR, Outlaw RA, Holloway BC. Graphene double-layer capacitor with ac line-filtering performance. Science 2010;329:1637–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Tokano T, McKay CP, Neubauer FM, Atreya SK, Ferri F, Fulchignoni M, et al. Methane drizzle on Titan. Nature 2006;442:432–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Mazer A. Shifting the Earth. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

[1]

Thampi SM, Atrey PK, Fan C-I, Perez GM, editors. Security in Computing and Communications: International Symposium, SSCC 2013, Mysore, India, August 22-24, 2013. Proceedings. vol. 377. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Zhao L-J, Tang J, Chai T-Y. Modeling Spectral Data Based on Mutual Information and Kernel Extreme Learning Machines. In: Wang J, Yen GG, Polycarpou MM, editors. Advances in Neural Networks – ISNN 2012: 9th International Symposium on Neural Networks, Shenyang, China, July 11-14, 2012. Proceedings, Part I, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012, p. 29–36.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for African Journal of Emergency Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Fang J. Ship Eating Clams Digest Wood With Gill Microbes. IFLScience 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/ship-eating-clams-digest-wood-with-gill-microbes/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Internet Management: Structured Evaluation Could Help Assess Proposed Transition of Key Domain Name and Other Technical Functions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2015.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Miramontes AJ. Examining eye fixation patterns during the Situation Present Assessment Method (SPAM) under varying levels of workload. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Meacham J. The Man to Blame for Our Culture of Fame. New York Times 2017:BR17.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	African Journal of Emergency Medicine
Abbreviation	Afr. J. Emerg. Med.
ISSN (print)	2211-419X
Scope	Emergency Medicine

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