How to format your references using the ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Robert A. Gatenby. 2009. A change of strategy in the war on cancer. Nature 459, 7246 (May 2009), 508–509.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Abigail L. Person and Indira M. Raman. 2011. Purkinje neuron synchrony elicits time-locked spiking in the cerebellar nuclei. Nature 481, 7382 (December 2011), 502–505.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Juan Perlo, Federico Casanova, and Bernhard Blümich. 2007. Ex situ NMR in highly homogeneous fields: 1H spectroscopy. Science 315, 5815 (February 2007), 1110–1112.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Simon Fölling, Fabrice Gerbier, Artur Widera, Olaf Mandel, Tatjana Gericke, and Immanuel Bloch. 2005. Spatial quantum noise interferometry in expanding ultracold atom clouds. Nature 434, 7032 (March 2005), 481–484.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

F. Pérez Fontán and P. Mariño Espiñeira. 2008. Modeling the Wireless Propagation Channel. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

[1]

David A. Micha and Irene Burghardt (Eds.). 2007. Quantum Dynamics of Complex Molecular Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Andreas B. Imhoff, Knut Beitzel, Knut Stamer, and Elke Klein. 2016. Elbow: Surgical procedure/aftercare. In Rehabilitation in Orthopedic Surgery, A. B. Imhoff, K. Beitzel, K. Stamer, E. Klein and G. Mazzocca (eds.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 61–64.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems.

Blog post

[1]

Elise Andrew. 2015. Can Insects Feed A Hungry Planet? IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. 2002. Federal Student Aid: Progress in Integrating Pell Grant and Direct Loan Systems and Processes, but Critical Work Remains. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Gary Reser. 2012. Assessing the Relationship between Adult Attachment and Differentiation of Self to Coparental Divorce Adjustment. Doctoral dissertation. Northcentral University, Scottsdale, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Ben Kenigsberg. 2017. Film Series. New York Times, C23.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [2, 4].
This sentence cites four references [3, 6–8].

About the journal

Full journal title	ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems
Abbreviation	ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.
ISSN (print)	0164-0925
ISSN (online)	1558-4593
Scope