How to format your references using the Zoology and Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Zoology and Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Robbins, Martin. 2011. “Policy: Fuelling Politics.” Nature 474 (7352): S22-4.

A journal article with 2 authors

Emery, N. J., and N. S. Clayton. 2001. “Effects of Experience and Social Context on Prospective Caching Strategies by Scrub Jays.” Nature 414 (6862): 443–446.

A journal article with 3 authors

Liu, X., R. L. Gross, and A. G. Suits. 2001. “‘Heavy Electron’ Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Rotationally Resolved Ion Pair Imaging of CH3+.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 294 (5551): 2527–2529.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Jia, Haiying, Yunfei Guo, Weiwei Zhao, and Kai Wang. 2014. “Long-Range PCR in next-Generation Sequencing: Comparison of Six Enzymes and Evaluation on the MiSeq Sequencer.” Scientific Reports 4 (July): 5737.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kimberlin, Larry, Alex zur Linden, and Lynn Ruoff. 2016. Atlas of Clinical Imaging and Anatomy of the Equine Head. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Zuluaga, Luis F., and Tamás Terlaky, eds. 2013. Modeling and Optimization: Theory and Applications: Selected Contributions from the MOPTA 2012 Conference. Vol. 62. Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics. New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Kamat, Rajanish K., Santhosh A. Shinde, and Vinod G. Shelake. 2009. “Arithmetic Core Design and Design Reuse of Soft IP Cores.” In Unleash the System On Chip Using FPGAs and Handel C, edited by Santhosh A. Shinde and Vinod G. Shelake, 81–113. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Zoology and Ecology.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, Jonathan. 2016. “Private Company Given Permission To Land On The Moon For The First Time Ever.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/private-company-given-permission-land-on-moon-first-time/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2014. Small Business Innovation Research: Change in Program Eligibility Has Had Little Impact. GAO-15-68. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Parker, Jason Shaw. 2006. “Land Tenure in the Sugar Creek Watershed: A Contextual Analysis of Land Tenure and Social Networks, Intergenerational Farm Succession, and Conservation Use Among Farmers of Wayne County, Ohio.” Doctoral dissertation, Columbus, OH: Ohio State University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hirshman, Linda. 2007. “Off to Work She Should Go.” New York Times, April 25.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Robbins 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Robbins 2011; Emery and Clayton 2001).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Emery and Clayton 2001)
Three authors: (Liu, Gross, and Suits 2001)
4 or more authors: (Jia et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Zoology and Ecology
Abbreviation	Zool. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	2165-8005
ISSN (online)	2165-8013
Scope	Animal Science and Zoology Ecology