How to format your references using the Zoology and Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Zoology and Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Schiermeier, Q. 2001. “Imported Stem Cells Deepen Germany’s Ethical Divide.” Nature 412 (6842): 4.

A journal article with 2 authors

Shields, Graham A., and James F. Kasting. 2007. “Palaeoclimatology: Evidence for Hot Early Oceans?” Nature 447 (7140): E1; discussion E1-2.

A journal article with 3 authors

Atwood, Jerry L., Leonard J. Barbour, and Agoston Jerga. 2002. “Storage of Methane and Freon by Interstitial van Der Waals Confinement.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 296 (5577): 2367–2369.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Hoyt, Joseph R., Kate E. Langwig, J. Paul White, Heather M. Kaarakka, Jennifer A. Redell, Allen Kurta, John E. DePue, et al. 2018. “Cryptic Connections Illuminate Pathogen Transmission within Community Networks.” Nature, November.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rao, C. Lakshmana, V. Narayanamurthy, and K. R. Y. Simha. 2016. Applied Impact Mechanics. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An edited book

Gardoni, Paolo, and James M. LaFave, eds. 2016. Multi-Hazard Approaches to Civil Infrastructure Engineering. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Paolicchi, F., E. Neri, and P. Marcheschi. 2008. “Il Protocollo DICOM.” In Produrre Ed Elaborare Immagini Diagnostiche, edited by Paolo Marcheschi and Davide Caramella, 51–58. Milano: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Zoology and Ecology.

Blog post

Andrew, Elise. 2014. “Huge Gas Clouds Discovered Orbiting Black Holes.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/huge-gas-clouds-discovered-orbiting-black-holes/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1995. Telecommunications: Competition in the Mobile Communications Industry. T-RCED-96-20. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ortega, Rafaela. 2012. “Effects of Cultural and Linguistic Differences in Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors among Elderly Latina Women.” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Sisario, Ben. 2016. “A No. 1 for Lady Gaga.” New York Times, October 31.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Schiermeier 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Schiermeier 2001; Shields and Kasting 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Shields and Kasting 2007)
Three authors: (Atwood, Barbour, and Jerga 2002)
4 or more authors: (Hoyt et al. 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Zoology and Ecology
Abbreviation	Zool. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	2165-8005
ISSN (online)	2165-8013
Scope	Animal Science and Zoology Ecology