How to format your references using the Zoology and Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Zoology and Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Butler, Declan. 2003. “Spiralling Costs Dog Comet Mission.” Nature 423 (6938): 372.

A journal article with 2 authors

Jia, C. L., and K. Urban. 2004. “Atomic-Resolution Measurement of Oxygen Concentration in Oxide Materials.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 303 (5666): 2001–2004.

A journal article with 3 authors

Jaeger, T. Florian, Daniel Pontillo, and Peter Graff. 2012. “Comment on ‘Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa.’” Science (New York, N.Y.) 335 (6072): 1042; author reply 1042.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Li, Suzhi, Xiangdong Ding, Jie Ren, Xavier Moya, Ju Li, Jun Sun, and Ekhard K. H. Salje. 2014. “Strain-Controlled Thermal Conductivity in Ferroic Twinned Films.” Scientific Reports 4 (September): 6375.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lee Abbott, Martin, and Jennifer McKinney. 2012. Understanding and Applying Research Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Cherry, Mark J., ed. 2009. The Normativity of the Natural: Human Goods, Human Virtues, and Human Flourishing. Vol. 16. Philosophical Studies in Contemporary Culture. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Hamed, Osama, Eric T. Kimchi, Mandeep Sehmbey, Niraj J. Gusani, Jussuf T. Kaifi, and Kevin Staveley-O’Carroll. 2013. “Impact of Genetic Targets on Cancer Therapy: Hepatocellular Cancer.” In Impact of Genetic Targets on Cancer Therapy, edited by Wafik S. El-Deiry, 67–90. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. New York, NY: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Zoology and Ecology.

Blog post

Davis, Josh. 2015. “What Does The Future Hold For The Polar Bear?” IFLScience. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1966. The Audit Function in the Automatic Data Processing System. 088037. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Williams-Newball, Takieya Iesha. 2014. “Domain, Community and Practice: An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Communities of Practice and Professional Identity Among Veterinarians.” Doctoral dissertation, Washington, DC: George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, George. 2010. “A Foreign Game Looks Very American.” New York Times, June 24.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Butler 2003).
This sentence cites two references (Butler 2003; Jia and Urban 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Jia and Urban 2004)
Three authors: (Jaeger, Pontillo, and Graff 2012)
4 or more authors: (Li et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Zoology and Ecology
Abbreviation	Zool. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	2165-8005
ISSN (online)	2165-8013
Scope	Animal Science and Zoology Ecology