How to format your references using the World Neurosurgery: X citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for World Neurosurgery: X. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Prasher R. Materials science. Graphene spreads the heat. Science. 2010;328(5975):185-186.

A journal article with 2 authors

Vance SA, Sandros MG. Zeptomole detection of C-reactive protein in serum by a nanoparticle amplified surface plasmon resonance imaging aptasensor. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5129.

A journal article with 3 authors

Yoshida S, Sukeno M, Nabeshima YI. A vasculature-associated niche for undifferentiated spermatogonia in the mouse testis. Science. 2007;317(5845):1722-1726.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Noonan FP, Recio JA, Takayama H, et al. Neonatal sunburn and melanoma in mice. Nature. 2001;413(6853):271-272.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Angueira P, Romo JA. Microwave Line of Sight Link Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2012.

An edited book

Serpe MJ, Kang Y, Zhang QM, eds. Photonic Materials for Sensing, Biosensing and Display Devices. Vol 229. 1st ed. 2016. Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

German J. Lead Time, Customers, and Technology: Technology Opportunities and Limits on the Rate of Deployment. In: Cannon JS, Sperling D, eds. Reducing Climate Impacts in the Transportation Sector. Springer Netherlands; 2009:73-100.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for World Neurosurgery: X.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. Here Are Gifs Of Crash Test Dummies In An Airplane To Remind You That Things Are Terrible. IFLScience. Published March 27, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/here-are-gifs-of-crash-test-dummies-in-an-airplane-to-remind-you-that-things-are-terrible/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Transportation Security Administration: Actions and Plans to Build a Results-Oriented Culture. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Seyed Jalali Aghdam SM. Silica Aerogel, an Alternative to Micromachined Air Gap for Thermal Insulation of Microheaters. Doctoral dissertation. University of Louisiana; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow K. Fish Are Running, Not the Meter. New York Times. April 20, 2003:147.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	World Neurosurgery: X
ISSN (print)	2590-1397
Scope