How to format your references using the Welding International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Welding International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Sakmar TP. Biochemistry. Redder than red. Science. 2012;338:1299–1300.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Becks L, Agrawal AF. Higher rates of sex evolve in spatially heterogeneous environments. Nature. 2010;468:89–92.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M. Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza. Nature. 2004;432:904–906.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Shelby JP, Lim DSW, Kuo JS, et al. Microfluidic systems: high radial acceleration in microvortices. Nature. 2003;425:38.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

O’Malley C. Bonds Without Borders. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.

An edited book

[1]

Humphreys H. Infections in the Adult Intensive Care Unit. Winter B, Paul M, editors. London: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Kellerman H, Burry A. Reality Testing and Cognitive Functioning. In: Kellerman H, Burry A, editors. Handbook of Psychodiagnostic Testing: Analysis of Personality in the Psychological Report. New York, NY: Springer; 2007. p. 33–42.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Welding International.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. The Long Reach Of The Past: Did Prehistoric Humans Shape Today’s Ecosystems? [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/long-reach-past-did-prehistoric-humans-shape-today-s-ecosystems/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Airport Finance: Past Funding Levels May Not Be Sufficient to Cover Airports’ Planned Capital Development. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003. Report No.: GAO-03-497T. .

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Baghdadi M. A comparison of gender representation in English (EFL) and Arabic (AFL) textbooks in Iran: A critical discourse analysis [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Kishkovsky S. Russia Sentences Estonian to 15 Years in Spy Case. New York Times. 2015 Aug 20;A10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Welding International
Abbreviation	Weld. Int.
ISSN (print)	0950-7116
ISSN (online)	1754-2138
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Metals and Alloys

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