How to format your references using the Welding International citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Welding International. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Lewis SL. Scientist-versus-activist debates mislead the public. Nature. 2014;506(7489):409.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Short J, Murray S. A frozen hell. Nature. 2011;472(7342):162–163.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Dunham EM, Favreau P, Carlson JM. A supershear transition mechanism for cracks. Science. 2003;299(5612):1557–1559.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Clutton-Brock TH, Coulson TN, Milner-Gulland EJ, et al. Sex differences in emigration and mortality affect optimal management of deer populations. Nature. 2002;415(6872):633–637.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Dinçer İ, Zamfirescu C. Drying Phenomena. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

[1]

Kumar V, Leonard N, Morse AS, editors. Cooperative Control: A Post-Workshop Volume 2003 Block Island Workshop on Cooperative Control. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Piirainen KA, Briggs RO. Design Theory in Practice – Making Design Science Research More Transparent. In: Jain H, Sinha AP, Vitharana P, editors. Service-Oriented Perspectives in Design Science Research: 6th International Conference, DESRIST 2011, Milwaukee, WI, USA, May 5-6, 2011 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 47–61.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Welding International.

Blog post

[1]

Luntz S. Arctic Methane Seeps Might Cool, Not Warm, The Planet [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/arctic-methane-seeps-might-cool-not-warm-the-planet/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Contributions to the Theory and Practice of Management. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978. Report No.: 094703. .

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Venter WM. People and Pride: A Qualitative Study of Place Attachment and Professional Placemakers [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tampa, FL]: University of South Florida; 2016.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Crow K. Art Is Long, Nails Are Longer. New York Times. 2002 Mar 24;146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Welding International
Abbreviation	Weld. Int.
ISSN (print)	0950-7116
ISSN (online)	1754-2138
Scope	Mechanical Engineering Mechanics of Materials Metals and Alloys