How to format your references using the Web Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Web Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Roll-Mecak, A.: Botany. Shining light at microtubule crossroads, Science, 342, 1180–1181, 2013.

A journal article with 2 authors

Grimes, R. W. and Nuttall, W. J.: Generating the option of a two-stage nuclear renaissance, Science, 329, 799–803, 2010.

A journal article with 3 authors

Laubach, M., Wessberg, J., and Nicolelis, M. A.: Cortical ensemble activity increasingly predicts behaviour outcomes during learning of a motor task, Nature, 405, 567–571, 2000.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Lee, S.-W., Mao, C., Flynn, C. E., and Belcher, A. M.: Ordering of quantum dots using genetically engineered viruses, Science, 296, 892–895, 2002.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Happer, W., Jau, Y.-Y., and Walker, T.: Optically Pumped Atoms, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2010.

An edited book

Parisi, S.: Chemistry and Food Safety in the EU: The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), edited by: Barone, C. and Sharma, R. K., Springer International Publishing, Cham, VII, 72 p. 21 illus. in color pp., 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Leve, F. A., Hamilton, B. J., and Peck, M. A.: Dynamics of Momentum-Control Systems, in: Spacecraft Momentum Control Systems, edited by: Hamilton, B. J. and Peck, M. A., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 57–93, 2015.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Web Ecology.

Blog post

Elephants Born To Stressed Mothers Age Faster:

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Intercity Passenger Rail: Issues for Consideration in Developing an Intercity Passenger Rail Policy, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2003.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bailey, K. M.: A Phenomenological Study of How Biblical Spiritual Disciplines Influence Women’s Character and Leadership Practices in Christian Faith-based Institutions in Higher Education in North America, Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly, M.: The New White House Refrain: Please Hang Up and Dial Again, New York Times, 29th January, A10, 1993.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Roll-Mecak, 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Grimes and Nuttall, 2010; Roll-Mecak, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Grimes and Nuttall, 2010)
Three or more authors: (Lee et al., 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Web Ecology
Abbreviation	Web Ecol.
ISSN (print)	2193-3081
ISSN (online)	1399-1183
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Ecology