How to format your references using the Visual Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Visual Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Ward, M. D. 2000. “Materials Science. Plastic Sandwiches a La Carte.” Nature 405 (6784): 293–294.

A journal article with 2 authors

Drake, Michael J., and Kevin Righter. 2002. “Determining the Composition of the Earth.” Nature 416 (6876): 39–44.

A journal article with 3 authors

Furey, M. L., P. Pietrini, and J. V. Haxby. 2000. “Cholinergic Enhancement and Increased Selectivity of Perceptual Processing during Working Memory.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 290 (5500): 2315–2319.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Geleziunas, R., W. Xu, K. Takeda, H. Ichijo, and W. C. Greene. 2001. “HIV-1 Nef Inhibits ASK1-Dependent Death Signalling Providing a Potential Mechanism for Protecting the Infected Host Cell.” Nature 410 (6830): 834–838.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hens, Hugo S. L. C. 2012. Performance Based Building Design 2. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Jackowski, Konrad, Robert Burduk, Krzysztof Walkowiak, Michal Wozniak, and Hujun Yin, eds. 2015. Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2015: 16th International Conference, Wroclaw, Poland, October 14-16, 2015, Proceedings. Vol. 9375. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Charisis, Vasileios, Stelios Hadjidimitriou, Leontios Hadjileontiadis, Deniz Uğurca, and Erdal Yilmaz. 2015. “EmoActivity - An EEG-Based Gamified Emotion HCI for Augmented Artistic Expression: The i-Treasures Paradigm.” In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Access to the Human Environment and Culture: 9th International Conference, UAHCI 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part IV, edited by Margherita Antona and Constantine Stephanidis, 29–40. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Visual Studies.

Blog post

Davis, Josh. 2016. “Expedition Sets Sail To Assess Feasibility Of Deep-Sea Mining.” IFLScience. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2004. Computer-Based Patient Records: VA and DOD Efforts to Exchange Health Data Could Benefit from Improved Planning and Project Management. GAO-04-687. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Krometis, Leigh-Anne H. 2009. “Microbial Partitioning in Urban Stormwaters.” Doctoral dissertation, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, James. 2016. “Hot Stove Warms Up: Cespedes Opts Out of Deal.” New York Times, November 5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Ward 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Ward 2000; Drake and Righter 2002).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Drake and Righter 2002)
Three authors: (Furey, Pietrini, and Haxby 2000)
4 or more authors: (Geleziunas et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Visual Studies
Abbreviation	Vis. Stud.
ISSN (print)	1472-586X
ISSN (online)	1472-5878
Scope	Visual Arts and Performing Arts Anthropology Cultural Studies