How to format your references using the Viruses citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Viruses. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Cavalleri, A. Chemistry. All at Once. Science 2007, 318, 755–756.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ito, T.; Yokoyama, S. Two Enzymes Bound to One Transfer RNA Assume Alternative Conformations for Consecutive Reactions. Nature 2010, 467, 612–616.

A journal article with 3 authors

Acuña, J.L.; López-Urrutia, Á.; Colin, S. Faking Giants: The Evolution of High Prey Clearance Rates in Jellyfishes. Science 2011, 333, 1627–1629.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Ruz, J.J.; Tamayo, J.; Pini, V.; Kosaka, P.M.; Calleja, M. Physics of Nanomechanical Spectrometry of Viruses. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 6051.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bertolo, D. Interactions on Digital Tablets in the Context of 3D Geometry Learning; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2016; ISBN 9781119330288.

An edited book

Responsible Investment Banking: Risk Management Frameworks, Sustainable Financial Innovation and Softlaw Standards; Wendt, K., Ed.; CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance; Springer International Publishing: Cham, 2015; ISBN 9783319103105.

A chapter in an edited book

Pulido, F.; McCreary, D.; Cañellas, I.; McClaran, M.; Plieninger, T. Oak Regeneration: Ecological Dynamics and Restoration Techniques. In Mediterranean Oak Woodland Working Landscapes: Dehesas of Spain and Ranchlands of California; Campos, P., Huntsinger, L., Oviedo Pro, J.L., Starrs, P.F., Diaz, M., Standiford, R.B., Montero, G., Eds.; Landscape Series; Springer Netherlands: Dordrecht, 2013; pp. 123–144 ISBN 9789400767065.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Viruses.

Blog post

Andrew, E. Mutilated Rhino Treated With Elephant Skin Graft (accessed on 30 October 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office Airport Improvement Program: Better Management Needed for Funds Provided Under Letters of Intent; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 1994;

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Moncur, H.B. Exploring Primary Caregivers’ Perceptions of the Effects of Secondhand Marijuana Smoke on Children: A Quantitative Study. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach: Long Beach, CA, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines, G.G. DC Bringing Back Two Gay Heroes. New York Times 2016, C2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Viruses
Abbreviation	Viruses
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
Scope	Virology Infectious Diseases