How to format your references using the Virology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Virology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Howlett, R., 2001. Population ecology. Birds in a buffer state. Nature 412, 396.

A journal article with 2 authors

Krengel, U., Törnroth-Horsefield, S., 2015. Biochemistry. Coping with oxidative stress. Science 347, 125–126.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gardner, T.J., Naef, F., Nottebohm, F., 2005. Freedom and rules: the acquisition and reprogramming of a bird’s learned song. Science 308, 1046–1049.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Gonen, T., Sliz, P., Kistler, J., Cheng, Y., Walz, T., 2004. Aquaporin-0 membrane junctions reveal the structure of a closed water pore. Nature 429, 193–197.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Russell, D.L., 2006. Practical Wastewater Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Battaglia, E., 2009. Annegamento Soccorso tecnico e sanitario. Springer, Milano.

A chapter in an edited book

Avanzini, M., Moser, G., 2009. Dependency Pairs and Polynomial Path Orders, in: Treinen, R. (Ed.), Rewriting Techniques and Applications: 20th International Conference, RTA 2009 Brasília, Brazil, June 29 - July 1, 2009 Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 48–62.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Virology.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015. Nearby Exoplanet’s Hellish Atmosphere Measured [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/nearby-exoplanets-hellish-atmosphere-measured/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2009. Career and Technical Education: States Have Broad Flexibility in Implementing Perkins IV (No. GAO-09-683). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Beard, A.R., 2017. Absence Causation in Mechanistic Explanation (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, M.W., 2015. Puerto Rico Unveils Painful Plan for Islanders, and Bond Holders. New York Times B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Howlett, 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Howlett, 2001; Krengel and Törnroth-Horsefield, 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Krengel and Törnroth-Horsefield, 2015)
Three or more authors: (Gonen et al., 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Virology
Abbreviation	Virology
ISSN (print)	0042-6822
Scope	Virology