How to format your references using the Vacuum citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Vacuum. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

V. Gewin, With the United States on high alert over the possibility of bioterror attacks, epidemiologists are in huge demand, Nature 423 (2003) 784–785.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

F.L. Hitti, S.A. Siegelbaum, The hippocampal CA2 region is essential for social memory, Nature 508 (2014) 88–92.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

S.H. Arce, P.-H. Wu, Y. Tseng, Fast and accurate automated cell boundary determination for fluorescence microscopy, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 2266.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

E.T. Kiers, M. Duhamel, Y. Beesetty, J.A. Mensah, O. Franken, E. Verbruggen, C.R. Fellbaum, G.A. Kowalchuk, M.M. Hart, A. Bago, T.M. Palmer, S.A. West, P. Vandenkoornhuyse, J. Jansa, H. Bücking, Reciprocal rewards stabilize cooperation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, Science 333 (2011) 880–882.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

S. Ramamoorti, D.E. Morrison III, J.W. Koletar, K.R. Pope, A.B.C.’s of Behavioral Forensics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2013.

An edited book

[1]

M. Sarma, Phoneme-Based Speech Segmentation using Hybrid Soft Computing Framework, Springer India, New Delhi, 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

O. Romanko, A. Ghaffari-Hadigheh, T. Terlaky, Multiobjective Optimization via Parametric Optimization: Models, Algorithms, and Applications, in: T. Terlaky, F.E. Curtis (Eds.), Modeling and Optimization: Theory and Applications: Selected Contributions from the MOPTA 2010 Conference, Springer, New York, NY, 2012: pp. 77–119.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Vacuum.

Blog post

[1]

E. Andrew, Could Photons Travel Through Time Using Wormholes?, IFLScience (2014).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Technology Assessment: Explosives Detection Technologies to Protect Passenger Rail, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2010.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

K.T. Kennedy, A Heuristic Study of Religious Spirituality and Meaningful Work, Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University, 2016.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

J.B. Stewart, Tax Cuts for Everybody, and Responsibility for Nobody, New York Times (2017) B1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Vacuum
Abbreviation	Vacuum
ISSN (print)	0042-207X
Scope	Surfaces, Coatings and Films Condensed Matter Physics Instrumentation