How to format your references using the Underground Space citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Underground Space. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Erwin, D. H. (2015). David M. Raup (1933-2015). Nature, 524(7563), 36.

A journal article with 2 authors

Keeling, R. F., & Visbeck, M. (2001). Palaeoceanography. Antarctic stratification and glacial CO2. Nature, 412(6847), 605–606.

A journal article with 3 authors

Schwartz, A. B., Moran, D. W., & Reina, G. A. (2004). Differential representation of perception and action in the frontal cortex. Science (New York, N.Y.), 303(5656), 380–383.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Hausmann, D., Becker, J., Wang, S., & Gordon, R. G. (2002). Rapid vapor deposition of highly conformal silica nanolaminates. Science (New York, N.Y.), 298(5592), 402–406.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cross, M., & MacDonald, B. (2008). Nutrition in Institutions. Wiley-Blackwell.

An edited book

Teebi, A. S. (Ed.). (2010). Genetic Disorders Among Arab Populations (2nd ed.). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Zhu, X., Song, B., Ni, Y., Ren, Y., & Li, R. (2016). Mobile Internet—From PC-Based Internet to PC-Based Internet and Mobile Internet. In B. Song, Y. Ni, Y. Ren, & R. Li (Eds.), Business Trends in the Digital Era: Evolution of Theories and Applications (pp. 63–82). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Underground Space.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2014, October 28). Scientists Identify Genes Associated With Violent Crime. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/brain/genes-associated-violent-crimes-identified/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1987). Federal Patent Policy (T-RCED-87-26). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lee, S. B. (2009). Localizing the effects of link flooding attacks in the Internet [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Maryland, College Park.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, J. (2016, September 15). Mets Lose Game but Not Any Ground. New York Times, B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Erwin, 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Erwin, 2015; Keeling & Visbeck, 2001).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Keeling & Visbeck, 2001)
Three authors: (Schwartz et al., 2004)
6 or more authors: (Hausmann et al., 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Underground Space
ISSN (print)	2467-9674
Scope