How to format your references using the Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik, P., 2005. Generous advice. Nature 435, 241.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kurtz, J., Franz, K., 2003. Innate defence: evidence for memory in invertebrate immunity. Nature 425, 37–38.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bahmani, B., Bacon, D., Anvari, B., 2013. Erythrocyte-derived photo-theranostic agents: hybrid nano-vesicles containing indocyanine green for near infrared imaging and therapeutic applications. Sci. Rep. 3, 2180.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Men, Z., Fang, W., Li, D., Li, Z., Sun, C., 2014. Raman spectra from symmetric hydrogen bonds in water by high-intensity laser-induced breakdown. Sci. Rep. 4, 4606.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Fjeld, R.A., Eisenberg, N.A., Compton, K.L., 2007. Quantitative Environmental Risk Analysis for Human Health. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Ferner, R.E., 2011. Neurofibromatoses in Clinical Practice. Springer, London.

A chapter in an edited book

Saravacos, G., Kostaropoulos, A.E., 2016. Mechanical Separation Equipment, in: Kostaropoulos, A.E. (Ed.), Handbook of Food Processing Equipment, Food Engineering Series. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 233–292.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2016. Virus Found To Make Plants Smell More Attractive To Foraging Bees [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/virus-found-to-make-plants-smell-more-attractive-to-foraging-bees/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1994. [Request for Decision on EEOC Employee’s Claim for Transportation Expenses] (No. B-256635). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rajagopal, S., 2012. Assessing water management impacts of climate change for a semi-arid watershed in the southwestern US (Doctoral dissertation). University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K., 2003. For Homeless Families, A Tiring Trek to School. New York Times 145.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Smaglik, 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Kurtz and Franz, 2003; Smaglik, 2005).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kurtz and Franz, 2003)
Three or more authors: (Men et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research
Abbreviation	Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
ISSN (print)	0886-7798
Scope	Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Building and Construction