How to format your references using the Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wuethrich, B., 2000. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY: Feds Team Up With a Company to Protect 17 Threatened Fish Species. Science 289, 385.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cobey, S., Lipsitch, M., 2012. Niche and neutral effects of acquired immunity permit coexistence of pneumococcal serotypes. Science 335, 1376–1380.

A journal article with 3 authors

Gaillard, F., Scaillet, B., Arndt, N.T., 2011. Atmospheric oxygenation caused by a change in volcanic degassing pressure. Nature 478, 229–232.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Morel, C.M., Touré, Y.T., Dobrokhotov, B., Oduola, A.M.J., 2002. The mosquito genome--a breakthrough for public health. Science 298, 79.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

MacRoberts, 2014. MacRoberts on Scottish Construction Contracts. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Mimura, N. (Ed.), 2008. Asia-Pacific Coasts and Their Management: States of Environment, Coastal Systems and Continental Margins. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

A chapter in an edited book

Uludag, A.A., Erdaş, A., Özcan, Ş., Nalci, D., Güler, M.O., Çetinkaya, T., Uysal, M., Akbulut, H., 2015. Cr- and V-Substituted LiMn2O4 Cathode Electrode Materials for High-Rate Battery Applications, in: Dincer, I., Colpan, C.O., Kizilkan, O., Ezan, M.A. (Eds.), Progress in Clean Energy, Volume 2: Novel Systems and Applications. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 41–56.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research.

Blog post

Taub, B., 2016. Global Ecosystems At Risk Of Failing As Biodiversity Falls Below Safety Limit, Scientists Warn [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1993. Vocational Education: Status in School Year 1990-91 and Early Signs of Change at Secondary Level (No. HRD-93-71). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jackson, M., 2012. A Bibliometric Analysis of Green Building Literature (Doctoral dissertation). Northcentral University, Scottsdale, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

St. John Kelly, E., 1993. Neediest Cases Assists With a Christmas Tree. New York Times 134.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Wuethrich, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Cobey and Lipsitch, 2012; Wuethrich, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Cobey and Lipsitch, 2012)
Three or more authors: (Morel et al., 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research
Abbreviation	Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
ISSN (print)	0886-7798
Scope	Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Building and Construction