How to format your references using the Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Macilwain, C., 2015. Change the cancer conversation. Nature 520, 7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Cryan, J.F., O’Leary, O.F., 2010. Neuroscience. A glutamate pathway to faster-acting antidepressants? Science 329, 913–914.

A journal article with 3 authors

Vance, D., Teagle, D.A.H., Foster, G.L., 2009. Variable Quaternary chemical weathering fluxes and imbalances in marine geochemical budgets. Nature 458, 493–496.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

David, P., Bjorksten, T., Fowler, K., Pomiankowski, A., 2000. Condition-dependent signalling of genetic variation in stalk-eyed flies. Nature 406, 186–188.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chandru, V., Hooker, J., 1999. Optimization Methods for Logical Inference. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Avner, E., Harmon, W., Niaudet, P., Yoshikawa, N. (Eds.), 2009. Pediatric Nephrology: Sixth Completely Revised, Updated and Enlarged Edition. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Bernabei, R., Power, J., 2016. Living Designs, in: Lepora, N.F., Mura, A., Mangan, M., Verschure, P.F.M.J., Desmulliez, M., Prescott, T.J. (Eds.), Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems: 5th International Conference, Living Machines 2016, Edinburgh, UK, July 19-22, 2016. Proceedings, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 40–47.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015. The Up Side Of Feeling Down: New Theory Links Neurotic Thinking To Creativity [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1995. University Research: U.S. Reimbursement of Tuition Costs for University Employee Family Members (No. NSIAD-95-19). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Laffitte, L., 2012. A Comparison of Pull-Out and Co-Teaching Models on the Reading Performance of Third through Fifth Grade Elementary Students with a Diagnosed Specific Learning Disability in Reading (Doctoral dissertation). Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey, G., 2012. The Old Guard Welcomes The New Guard. New York Times B10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Macilwain, 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Cryan and O’Leary, 2010; Macilwain, 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Cryan and O’Leary, 2010)
Three or more authors: (David et al., 2000)

About the journal

Full journal title	Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research
Abbreviation	Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol.
ISSN (print)	0886-7798
Scope	Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology Building and Construction