How to format your references using the Trials in Vaccinology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Trials in Vaccinology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

M. Heimann, Obituary: Charles David Keeling 1928-2005, Nature 437 (2005) 331.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

I. Dar-Nimrod, S.J. Heine, Exposure to scientific theories affects women’s math performance, Science 314 (2006) 435.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

P. Chadderton, T.W. Margrie, M. Häusser, Integration of quanta in cerebellar granule cells during sensory processing, Nature 428 (2004) 856–860.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

D. Vavylonis, J.-Q. Wu, S. Hao, B. O’Shaughnessy, T.D. Pollard, Assembly mechanism of the contractile ring for cytokinesis by fission yeast, Science 319 (2008) 97–100.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Center for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for Design Solutions for Process Equipment Failures, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 1998.

An edited book

[1]

T.-C. Wong, B. Yuen, C. Goldblum, eds., Spatial Planning for a Sustainable Singapore, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

K.G. Manton, I. Akushevich, J. Kravchenko, Stochastic Methods of Analysis, in: I. Akushevich, J. Kravchenko (Eds.), Cancer Mortality and Morbidity Patterns in the U.S. Population: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Springer, New York, NY, 2009: pp. 191–216.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Trials in Vaccinology.

Blog post

[1]

J. O`Callaghan, Did Shakespeare Smoke Weed?, IFLScience (2015). https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/did-shakespeare-smoke-weed-pipe-residue-suggests-playwright-used-cannabis/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office, Federal Student Loans: Audits and Reviews of the Federal Family Education Loan and Federal Direct Loan Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

H. Hatton, How Rural Elementary Building Principals Conceptualize the Programs in Their Schools, the Processes of Connecting Students to Programs, and Their Leadership Role in Doing So, Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

M.E. Dyson, Racial Violence on the Screen, New York Times (2017) SR9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Trials in Vaccinology
ISSN (print)	1879-4378
Scope