How to format your references using the Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Lee JD. Engineering. Can technology get your eyes back on the road? Science. 2009;324:344–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. de Visser JAGM, Rozen DE. Comment on “High deleterious genomic mutation rate in stationary phase of Escherichia coli.” Science. 2004;304:518; author reply 518.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Chang P, Jacobson MK, Mitchison TJ. Poly(ADP-ribose) is required for spindle assembly and structure. Nature. 2004;432:645–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Liu H, Ye F, Yao Q, Cao H, Xie J, Lee JY, et al. Stellated Ag-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles: an effective platform for catalytic activity tuning. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3969.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Lieser KH. Nuclear and Radiochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH; 2007.

An edited book

1. Schaefer D, editor. Product Development in the Socio-sphere: Game Changing Paradigms for 21st Century Breakthrough Product Development and Innovation. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Marianecci C, Di Marzio L, Rinaldi F, Esposito S, Carafa M. Niosomes. In: Uchegbu IF, Schätzlein AG, Cheng WP, Lalatsa A, editors. Fundamentals of Pharmaceutical Nanoscience. New York, NY: Springer; 2013. p. 65–90.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling.

Blog post

1. Carpineti A. Researchers Reveal Blueprint For Quantum Computers [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/researchers-reveal-blueprint-for-quantum-computers/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. High Speed Passenger Rail: Future Development Will Depend on Addressing Financial and Other Challenges and Establishing a Clear Federal Role. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009 Mar. Report No.: GAO-09-317.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Delaney DC. Undergraduate social work students’ perceptions regarding hospice and end-of-life care [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Qiu L. On Infrastructure, Claims That Don’t Quite Get Off the Ground. New York Times. 2017 Jun 9;A13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling
Abbreviation	Theor. Biol. Med. Model.
ISSN (online)	1742-4682
Scope	Modelling and Simulation Health Informatics

Research and Writing Guides