How to format your references using the Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Chen J. Materials scienceAll chopped up. Nature. 2001;410:31.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Vidale JE, Li Y-G. Damage to the shallow Landers fault from the nearby Hector Mine earthquake. Nature. 2003;421:524–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Freeman C, Ostle N, Kang H. An enzymic “latch” on a global carbon store. Nature. 2001;409:149.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Fleetwood F, Klint S, Hanze M, Gunneriusson E, Frejd FY, Ståhl S, et al. Simultaneous targeting of two ligand-binding sites on VEGFR2 using biparatopic Affibody molecules results in dramatically improved affinity. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7518.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Šolín P. Partial Differential Equations and the Finite Element Method. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

1. Zulkhibri M, Ismail AG, Hidayat SE, editors. Macroprudential Regulation and Policy for the Islamic Financial Industry: Theory and Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Dürholz U, Fischlin M, Kasper M, Onete C. A Formal Approach to Distance-Bounding RFID Protocols. In: Lai X, Zhou J, Li H, editors. Information Security: 14th International Conference, ISC 2011, Xi’an, China, October 26-29, 2011 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011. p. 47–62.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling.

Blog post

1. Andrews R. China’s 4,000-Year-Old “Great Flood” Founding Myth Was True All Along [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/chinas-4000-year-old-great-flood-founding-myth-was-true-all-along/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Commercial Aviation: Structural Costs Continue to Challenge Legacy Airlines’ Financial Performance. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005 Jul. Report No.: GAO-05-834T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Graham HH. Leadership as co-influencing: A heuristic narrative study of dynamic co-emergence within the leadership relationship [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Healy J, Schwartz J. U.S. Suspends Pipeline Work in Tribes’ Path. New York Times. 2016 Sep 9;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling
Abbreviation	Theor. Biol. Med. Model.
ISSN (online)	1742-4682
Scope	Modelling and Simulation Health Informatics