How to format your references using the Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Reipurth B. George Herbig (1920-2013). Nature. 2013;503:470.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Damasio A, Meyer K. Behind the looking-glass. Nature. 2008;454:167–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Scarola VW, Park K, Jain JK. Cooper instability of composite fermions. Nature. 2000;406:863–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Kuiken T, Fouchier R, Rimmelzwaan G, Osterhaus A, Roeder P. Feline friend or potential foe? Nature. 2006;440:741–2.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. McCall MW. Classical Mechanics. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2010.

An edited book

1. Bruguière C, Tiberghien A, Clément P, editors. Topics and Trends in Current Science Education: 9th ESERA Conference Selected Contributions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Adams JP, Robinson RA, Dudek SM. Role of Action Potentials in Regulating Gene Transcription: Relevance to LTP. In: Dudek SM, editor. Transcriptional Regulation by Neuronal Activity: To the Nucleus and Back. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2008. p. 91–110.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Upcoming Battery Will Charge Phones And Electric Cars in Minutes. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Airport and Airway Trust Fund: Declining Balance Raises Concerns over Ability to Meet Future Demands. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011 Feb. Report No.: GAO-11-358T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Seefried VI. Timely and accurate decision-making during U.S. public health emergencies: Incremental Dynamic Decision-making (IDD) for public health emergency response [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Belson K. N.F.L. Looks For Daylight Through Anthem Flap. New York Times. 2017 Sep 29;B8.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling
Abbreviation	Theor. Biol. Med. Model.
ISSN (online)	1742-4682
Scope	Modelling and Simulation Health Informatics