How to format your references using the Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Stanley HE. Freezing by heating. Nature. 2000;404:718–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Kanan MW, Nocera DG. In situ formation of an oxygen-evolving catalyst in neutral water containing phosphate and Co2+. Science. 2008;321:1072–5.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Smith CE, Llorente B, Symington LS. Template switching during break-induced replication. Nature. 2007;447:102–5.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Wang N, Chen H, He H, Norimatsu W, Kusunoki M, Koumoto K. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of Nb-doped SrTiO3 by nano-inclusion with low thermal conductivity. Sci Rep. 2013;3:3449.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Michael E, Gillian H, Stefan K, Alex L. Gramsci. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2012.

An edited book

1. Zhou Q. Network Robustness under Large-Scale Attacks. Gao L, Liu R, Cui S, editors. New York, NY: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Nilsson NC, Serafin S, Nordahl R. Walking in Place Through Virtual Worlds. In: Kurosu M, editor. Human-Computer Interaction Interaction Platforms and Techniques: 18th International Conference, HCI International 2016, Toronto, ON, Canada, July 17-22, 2016 Proceedings, Part II. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p. 37–48.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling.

Blog post

1. Taub B. Disco-Loving Sea Lion Helps Shed Light On Evolutionary Origins Of Music. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Commercial Aviation: Program Aimed at High-Risk Parent Abductors Could Aid in Preventing Abductions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011 Jun. Report No.: GAO-11-602.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. McFarland-Mancini M. Prolactin Production by Human Breast Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes [Doctoral dissertation]. [Cincinnati, OH]: University of Cincinnati; 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Hodgman J. Bonus Advice From Judge John Hodgman. New York Times. 2016 Nov 4;MM26.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling
Abbreviation	Theor. Biol. Med. Model.
ISSN (online)	1742-4682
Scope	Modelling and Simulation Health Informatics