How to format your references using the The Physician and Sportsmedicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Physician and Sportsmedicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Merrow M. Journal club. A chronobiologist makes sense of circadian dysfunction in illness. Nature. 2010;467(7312):135.

A journal article with 2 authors

Burdyga T, Wray S. Action potential refractory period in ureter smooth muscle is set by Ca sparks and BK channels. Nature. 2005;436(7050):559-562.

A journal article with 3 authors

Callou C, Samzun A, Zivie A. Archaeology: a lion found in the Egyptian tomb of Maïa. Nature. 2004;427(6971):211-212.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Kawakatsu H, Kumar P, Takei Y, et al. Seismic evidence for sharp lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries of oceanic plates. Science. 2009;324(5926):499-502.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lamperti JW. Probability: A Survey of the Mathematical Theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 1996.

An edited book

Kyung CM, ed. Smart Sensors for Health and Environment Monitoring. Springer Netherlands; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Pop-Busui R, Pietropaolo M. Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation. In: Eisenbarth GS, ed. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects. Humana Press; 2011:69-92.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Physician and Sportsmedicine.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. These Tiny Swimming Robots Could Remove Carbon Dioxide From The Oceans. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Spending Grant Funds More Efficiently Could Save Millions. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1980.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cox ET. Prenatal Cocaine: Effects on Neonatal Vocalizations, Cue-Induced Maternal Response, and Brain Development. Doctoral dissertation. University of North Carolina; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg B. Film Series. New York Times. October 26, 2017:C23.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Physician and Sportsmedicine
Abbreviation	Phys. Sportsmed.
ISSN (print)	0091-3847
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation