How to format your references using the The Physician and Sportsmedicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Physician and Sportsmedicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Costandi M. Neurodegeneration: amyloid awakenings. Nature. 2013;497(7450):S19-20.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kim BH, Kwon JW. Plasmon-assisted radiolytic energy conversion in aqueous solutions. Sci Rep. 2014;4:5249.

A journal article with 3 authors

Nishimura EK, Granter SR, Fisher DE. Mechanisms of hair graying: incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche. Science. 2005;307(5710):720-724.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Hüttelmaier S, Zenklusen D, Lederer M, et al. Spatial regulation of beta-actin translation by Src-dependent phosphorylation of ZBP1. Nature. 2005;438(7067):512-515.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Garg VK. Concurrent and Distributed Computing in Java. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

Singh A, Zommers Z, eds. Reducing Disaster: Early Warning Systems For Climate Change. Springer Netherlands; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Buse K, Imbrock J, Krätzig E, Peithmann K. Photorefractive Effects in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3. In: Günter P, Huignard JP, eds. Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications 2: Materials. Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Springer; 2007:83-126.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Physician and Sportsmedicine.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. Happy Birthday Philae: 7 Facts About The Amazing Comet Lander. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. A Second Launch Site for the Shuttle? An Analysis of Needs for the Nation’s Space Program. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Dill KD. Nonparametric Alternative to Poly-k Test in Animal Tumorigenicity Studies. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodara S. Where Paintings Have Overtaken Pixels. New York Times. February 21, 2016:CT9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Physician and Sportsmedicine
Abbreviation	Phys. Sportsmed.
ISSN (print)	0091-3847
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation