How to format your references using the The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Schoof C. Ice-sheet acceleration driven by melt supply variability. Nature. 2010;468:803–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Lorenz MC, Fink GR. The glyoxylate cycle is required for fungal virulence. Nature. 2001;412:83–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Oliveira EA, Andrade JS Jr, Makse HA. Large cities are less green. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4235.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Wilbanks AM, Fralish GB, Kirby ML, Barak LS, Li Y-X, Caron MG. Beta-arrestin 2 regulates zebrafish development through the hedgehog signaling pathway. Science. 2004;306:2264–7.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Bosq D, Blanke D. Inference and Prediction in Large Dimensions: Bosq/Inference and Prediction in Large Dimensions. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2007.

An edited book

1. Chio CD, Cagnoni S, Cotta C, Ebner M, Ekárt A, Esparcia-Alcázar AI, et al., editors. Applications of Evolutionary Computation: EvoApplications 2011: EvoCOMPLEX, EvoGAMES, EvoIASP, EvoINTELLIGENCE, EvoNUM, and EvoSTOC, Torino, Italy, April 27-29, 2011, Proceedings, Part I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Cimatti A, Griggio A, Mover S, Tonetta S. IC3 Modulo Theories via Implicit Predicate Abstraction. In: Ábrahám E, Havelund K, editors. Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems: 20th International Conference, TACAS 2014, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2014, Grenoble, France, April 5-13, 2014 Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2014. p. 46–61.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. Survey Identifies Hundreds Of Previously Unknown Jets From Young Stars [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/survey-identifies-hundreds-previously-unknown-jets-young-stars/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. The Department of Education’s Actions To Collect Defaulted Student Loans. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985 Jun. Report No.: 127222.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Iwuagwu CI. Preventing the Spread of HIV Among Homeless Youth in California [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Pilon M, Belson K. Open Is Drawing Record Crowds, but Fans Are Feeling the Squeeze. New York Times. 2012 Sep 4;B9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Abbreviation	Patient
ISSN (print)	1178-1653
ISSN (online)	1178-1661
Scope