How to format your references using the The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Fabian AC. Astronomy. A blast from the past. Science. 2008;320:1167–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Chang F, Peter M. Cell biology. Formins set the record straight. Science. 2002;297:531–2.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Hays GC, Houghton JDR, Myers AE. Endangered species: Pan-Atlantic leatherback turtle movements. Nature. 2004;429:522.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Fargione J, Hill J, Tilman D, Polasky S, Hawthorne P. Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science. 2008;319:1235–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. French BA. Chronicles Through the Centuries. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016.

An edited book

1. Huang D-S, Jo K-H, Lee H-H, Kang H-J, Bevilacqua V, editors. Emerging Intelligent Computing Technology and Applications: 5th International Conference on Intelligent Computing, ICIC 2009, Ulsan, South Korea, September 16-19, 2009. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Ambler SW. Tailoring Usability into Agile Software Development Projects. In: Law EL-C, Hvannberg ET, Cockton G, editors. Maturing Usability: Quality in Software, Interaction and Value. London: Springer; 2008. p. 75–95.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research.

Blog post

1. Luntz S. “Green” Jet Fuel From Sunlight Developed [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/green-jet-fuel-sunlight-developed/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Educational Assistance for Institutionalized Neglected or Delinquent Children. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1977 Oct. Report No.: 103697.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Roberts EM. Whose Books Get Published?: Individual Agency and the Business of Children’s Publishing [Doctoral dissertation]. [Cincinnati, OH]: University of Cincinnati; 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Saslow L. College Where $5 Million Makes a Difference. New York Times. 2008 Mar 9;LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research
Abbreviation	Patient
ISSN (print)	1178-1653
ISSN (online)	1178-1661
Scope