How to format your references using the The Lancet Infectious Diseases citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Lancet Infectious Diseases. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wen L. Localized temporal change of the Earth’s inner core boundary. Science 2006; 314: 967–70.

A journal article with 2 authors

Khajetoorians AA, Wiebe J. Physics. Hitting the limit of magnetic anisotropy. Science 2014; 344: 976–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Melcák I, Hoelz A, Blobel G. Structure of Nup58/45 suggests flexible nuclear pore diameter by intermolecular sliding. Science 2007; 315: 1729–32.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Bates M, Huang B, Dempsey GT, Zhuang X. Multicolor super-resolution imaging with photo-switchable fluorescent probes. Science 2007; 317: 1749–53.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Anderson RJ, Groundwater PW, Todd A, Worsley AJ. Antibacterial Agents. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012.

An edited book

Galtung J. Johan Galtung: Pioneer of Peace Research. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Airoldi EM, Blei DM, Fienberg SE, Xing EP. Combining Stochastic Block Models and Mixed Membership for Statistical Network Analysis. In: Airoldi E, Blei DM, Fienberg SE, Goldenberg A, Xing EP, Zheng AX, eds. Statistical Network Analysis: Models, Issues, and New Directions: ICML 2006 Workshop on Statistical Network Analysis, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, June 29, 2006, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007: 57–74.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Lancet Infectious Diseases.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J. Cassini Just Took Some Stunning New Images Of Clouds On Titan. IFLScience. 2017; published online June 13. https://www.iflscience.com/space/cassini-just-took-some-stunning-new-images-of-clouds-on-titan/ (accessed Oct 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Child Care and Early Childhood Education: More Information Sharing and Program Review by HHS Could Enhance Access for Families with Limited English Proficiency (Spanish Version). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2006.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Vickovic SG. Medical marijuana and the media. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G. England vs. United States: The Beauty of Anticipation. New York Times. 2010; : B11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Abbreviation	Lancet Infect. Dis.
ISSN (print)	1473-3099
ISSN (online)	1474-4457
Scope	Infectious Diseases