How to format your references using the The Journal of Pain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Pain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Elliott T: Geophysics. Caught offside. Science 295:55–7, 2002.

A journal article with 2 authors

Marinoni C, Buzzi A: A geometric measure of dark energy with pairs of galaxies. Nature 468:539–41, 2010.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lin G, Xu N, Xi R: Paracrine Wingless signalling controls self-renewal of Drosophila intestinal stem cells. Nature 455:1119–23, 2008.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Zhang L, Zhou H, Su Y, Sun Z, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Ning Y, Chen Y-G, Meng A: Zebrafish Dpr2 inhibits mesoderm induction by promoting degradation of nodal receptors. Science 306:114–7, 2004.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Dooner DB: Kinematic Geometry of Gearing. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2012.

An edited book

Kanosue K, Kogiso K, Oshimi D, Harada M, editors: Sports Management and Sports Humanities. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Altenhofen M, Farahbod R: Bârun: A Scripting Language for CoreASM. In: Frappier M, Glässer U, Khurshid S, Laleau R, Reeves S, editors. Abstract State Machines, Alloy, B and Z: Second International Conference, ABZ 2010, Orford, QC, Canada, February 22-25, 2010 Proceedings Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; page 47–602010.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Pain.

Blog post

Davis J: Cancer-Detecting Dog Trials Approved By The NHS [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/cancer-detecting-dog-trials-approved-nhs/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Trends in Federal and State Capital Investment in Highways. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003 Jun. Report No.: GAO-03-744R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cummings AE: Brain and behavior in children with phonological delays: Phonological, lexical, and sensory system interactions [Doctoral dissertation]. [La Jolla, CA]: University of California San Diego; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Robles F, Blinder A: A Stark Image of a Shooting Carries Impact. New York Times :A1, 2015.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^2,4.
This sentence cites four references ^2,5,6,8.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Pain
Abbreviation	J. Pain
ISSN (print)	1526-5900
ISSN (online)	1528-8447
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology Neurology

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