How to format your references using the The Journal of Pain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Pain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Melhuish EC: Education. Preschool matters. Science 333:299–300, 2011.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ranen MC, Jacobsen SB: Barium isotopes in chondritic meteorites: implications for planetary reservoir models. Science 314:809–12, 2006.

A journal article with 3 authors

Song K, Yeom E, Lee SJ: Real-time imaging of pulvinus bending in Mimosa pudica. Sci Rep 4:6466, 2014.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Busino L, Bassermann F, Maiolica A, Lee C, Nolan PM, Godinho SIH, Draetta GF, Pagano M: SCFFbxl3 controls the oscillation of the circadian clock by directing the degradation of cryptochrome proteins. Science 316:900–4, 2007.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Ellis H, Lawson A: Anatomy for Anaesthetists. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2013.

An edited book

Prain V, Cox P, Deed C, Edwards D, Farrelly C, Keeffe M, Lovejoy V, Mow L, Sellings P, Waldrip B, editors: Personalising Learning in Open-Plan Schools. Rotterdam: SensePublishers; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Jaramillo D, Furht B, Agarwal A: Mobile Virtualization Case Study. In: Furht B, Agarwal A, editors. Virtualization Techniques for Mobile Systems Cham: Springer International Publishing; page 27–362014.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Pain.

Blog post

Andrew E: El Niño Is Here And That Means Droughts, But They Don’t Work How You Might Think [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/el-ni-o-here-and-means-droughts-they-don-t-work-how-you-might-think/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Executive Guide: Measuring Performance and Demonstrating Results of Information Technology Investments (Exposure Draft) (Superseded by AIMD-98-99). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997 Sep. Report No.: AIMD-97-163.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Van Vlack KA: Puaxant tuvip: Powerlands Southern Paiute cultural landscapes and pilgrimage trails [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tucson, AZ]: University of Arizona; 2012.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Anderson J: A Call to ‘Respect the Feathers.’ New York Times :C1, 2016.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^2,4.
This sentence cites four references ^3,5,7,8.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Pain
Abbreviation	J. Pain
ISSN (print)	1526-5900
ISSN (online)	1528-8447
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology Neurology