How to format your references using the The Journal of Pain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Pain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Powell K: Getting schooled. Nature 435:850–1, 2005.

A journal article with 2 authors

Bjork A, Pitnick S: Intensity of sexual selection along the anisogamy-isogamy continuum. Nature 441:742–5, 2006.

A journal article with 3 authors

Atwood JL, Barbour LJ, Jerga A: Storage of methane and freon by interstitial van der Waals confinement. Science 296:2367–9, 2002.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Das DK, Makhal K, Bandyopadhyay SN, Goswami D: Direct observation of coherent oscillations in solution due to microheterogeneous environment. Sci Rep 4:6097, 2014.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Exposito E, Diop C: Smart SOA Platforms in Cloud Computing Architectures. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014.

An edited book

Baranzini A, Ramirez J, Schaerer C, Thalmann P, editors: Hedonic Methods in Housing Markets: Pricing Environmental Amenities and Segregation. New York, NY: Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Leckie FA, Bello DJD: Axial Members and Pressure Vessels. In: Leckie FA, editor. Strength and Stiffness of Engineering Systems Boston, MA: Springer US; page 1–502009.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Pain.

Blog post

Andrews R: 3D “Semantic Atlas” Of The Brain Reveals How We All Give Meaning To Words [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/brain/3d-semantic-atlas-brain-reveals-how-we-all-give-meaning-words/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Telecommunications: Uneven Implementation of Wireless Enhanced 911 Raises Prospect of Piecemeal Availability for Years to Come. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003 Nov. Report No.: GAO-04-55.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Swift I: The Perceived Effect of Hidden Costs on the Operational Management of Information Technology Outsourcing: A Qualitative Study [Doctoral dissertation]. [Phoenix, AZ]: University of Phoenix; 2011.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Turkewitz J, Fernandez M, Blinder A: Deadly Storm Transforms Houston Streets Into Raging Rivers. New York Times :A1, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^3,4.
This sentence cites four references ^4,5,7,8.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Pain
Abbreviation	J. Pain
ISSN (print)	1526-5900
ISSN (online)	1528-8447
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology Neurology