How to format your references using the The Journal of Pain citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Pain. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Jackson ST: Going where the science matters. Science 350:594, 2015.

A journal article with 2 authors

Arndt M, Brand C: QUANTUM MECHANICS. Interference of atomic clocks. Science 349:1168–9, 2015.

A journal article with 3 authors

Wu L-A, Segal D, Brumer P: No-go theorem for ground state cooling given initial system-thermal bath factorization. Sci Rep 3:1824, 2013.

A journal article with 100 or more authors

Crookes WJ, Ding L-L, Huang QL, Kimbell JR, Horwitz J, McFall-Ngai MJ: Reflectins: the unusual proteins of squid reflective tissues. Science 303:235–8, 2004.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zhang W, Shmulevich I, Astola J: Microarray Quality Control. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

Bacciotti F, Testi L, Whelan E, editors: Jets from Young Stars II: Clues from High Angular Resolution Observations. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Kemp TS: Non-Mammalian Synapsids: The Beginning of the Mammal Line. In: Clack JA, Fay RR, Popper AN, editors. Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear: Evidence from the Fossil Record Cham: Springer International Publishing; page 107–372016.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Pain.

Blog post

Davis J: Why Has The Death Rate Of Middle-Aged White Americans Risen So Suddenly? [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/rising-death-rates-among-middle-aged-white-americans-due-epidemic-drugs-alcohol/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office: Unmanned Aerial Systems: Efforts Made toward Integration into the National Airspace Continue, but Many Actions Still Required. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014 Dec. Report No.: GAO-15-254T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Koester A: It All Started on a Lake [Doctoral dissertation]. [Edwardsville, IL]: Southern Illinois University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hollander S: BackTalk; Uncertainty and Stress Cross the Finish Line. New York Times :811, 2002.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ².
This sentence cites two references ^3,4.
This sentence cites four references ^3,5,7,8.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Pain
Abbreviation	J. Pain
ISSN (print)	1526-5900
ISSN (online)	1528-8447
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology Neurology