How to format your references using the The Journal of North African Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of North African Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kempton, Eliza M. R. 2014. “Extrasolar Planets: Window on a Watery World.” Nature 513 (7519): 493–494.

A journal article with 2 authors

Kelliher, Timothy, and Virginia Walbot. 2012. “Hypoxia Triggers Meiotic Fate Acquisition in Maize.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 337 (6092): 345–348.

A journal article with 3 authors

Halazonetis, Thanos D., Vassilis G. Gorgoulis, and Jiri Bartek. 2008. “An Oncogene-Induced DNA Damage Model for Cancer Development.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 319 (5868): 1352–1355.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Recker, Mario, Sean Nee, Peter C. Bull, Sam Kinyanjui, Kevin Marsh, Chris Newbold, and Sunetra Gupta. 2004. “Transient Cross-Reactive Immune Responses Can Orchestrate Antigenic Variation in Malaria.” Nature 429 (6991): 555–558.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bhaduri, Sumit, and Doble Mukesh. 2014. Homogeneous Catalysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Awrejcewicz, Jan, ed. 2009. Modeling, Simulation and Control of Nonlinear Engineering Dynamical Systems: State-of-the-Art, Perspectives and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Kusago, Takayoshi. 2011. “A Sustainable Well-Being Initiative: Social Divisions and the Recovery Process in Minamata, Japan.” In Community Quality-of-Life Indicators: Best Cases V, edited by M. Joseph Sirgy, Rhonda Phillips, and D. Rahtz, 97–111. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of North African Studies.

Blog post

Andrews, Robin. 2017. “Did A Mysterious Asteroid Impact Wipe Out Prehistoric Native Americans?” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/mytserious-asteroid-impact-wipe-out-prehistoric-native-americans/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2012. Traffic Congestion: Road Pricing Can Help Reduce Congestion, but Equity Concerns May Grow. GAO-12-119. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Miller, Bradley Alan. 2012. “‘Parable-Art’ beyond the Auden Generation: An Examination of the Message-Bearing Aspects and Architecture of Two Twenty-First-Century Works for Chorus and Chamber Orchestra.” Doctoral dissertation, Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

de la MERCED, Michael J. 2017. “Tequila Maker Sold for Up to $1 Billion.” New York Times, June 21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kempton 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Kempton 2014; Kelliher and Walbot 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Kelliher and Walbot 2012)
Three authors: (Halazonetis, Gorgoulis, and Bartek 2008)
4 or more authors: (Recker et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of North African Studies
ISSN (print)	1362-9387
ISSN (online)	1743-9345
Scope	Development Geography, Planning and Development Political Science and International Relations