How to format your references using the The Journal of North African Studies citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of North African Studies. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Schulz, Mark. 2012. “Materials Science. Speeding up Artificial Muscles.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 338 (6109): 893–894.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nabel, Christopher S., and Rahul M. Kohli. 2011. “Molecular Biology. Demystifying DNA Demethylation.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 333 (6047): 1229–1230.

A journal article with 3 authors

Korobova, Farida, Vinay Ramabhadran, and Henry N. Higgs. 2013. “An Actin-Dependent Step in Mitochondrial Fission Mediated by the ER-Associated Formin INF2.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 339 (6118): 464–467.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Piva, Paul G., Gino A. DiLabio, Jason L. Pitters, Janik Zikovsky, Moh’d Rezeq, Stanislav Dogel, Werner A. Hofer, and Robert A. Wolkow. 2005. “Field Regulation of Single-Molecule Conductivity by a Charged Surface Atom.” Nature 435 (7042): 658–661.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Stacey, Weston M. 2012. Fusion Plasma Physics. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

An edited book

Waseda, Yoshio. 2011. X-Ray Diffraction Crystallography: Introduction, Examples and Solved Problems. Edited by Eiichiro Matsubara and Kozo Shinoda. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Aydogan-Duda, Neslihan. 2012. “Business Environment, Innovation Culture, and Technology Clusters in Developing Countries.” In Making It to the Forefront: Nanotechnology—A Developing Country Perspective, edited by Neslihan Aydogan-Duda, 41–46. New York, NY: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of North African Studies.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, Jonathan. 2016. “Stop What You’re Doing And Watch These Glorious Ultra-HD Videos Of Earth From Space.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/stop-what-you-re-doing-and-watch-these-glorious-ultra-hd-videos-earth-space/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2014. Information Technology: HUD’s Expenditure Plan Satisfied Statutory Conditions; Sustained Controls and Modernization Approach Needed. GAO-14-283. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Deshotel, Matthew Wayne. 2017. “Enhancing Undergraduate Water Resources Engineering Education Using Data and Modeling Resources Situated in Real-World Ecosystems: Design Principles and Challenges for Scaling and Sustainability.” Doctoral dissertation, Lafayette, LA: University of Louisiana.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Billard, Mary. 2010. “A Clog for All Seasons.” New York Times, October 21.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Schulz 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Schulz 2012; Nabel and Kohli 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Nabel and Kohli 2011)
Three authors: (Korobova, Ramabhadran, and Higgs 2013)
4 or more authors: (Piva et al. 2005)

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of North African Studies
ISSN (print)	1362-9387
ISSN (online)	1743-9345
Scope	Development Geography, Planning and Development Political Science and International Relations