How to format your references using the The Journal of Hand Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Hand Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Murphy CJ. Materials science. Nanocubes and nanoboxes. Science. 2002;298(5601):2139-2141.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gilbert DT, Wilson TD. Prospection: experiencing the future. Science. 2007;317(5843):1351-1354.

A journal article with 3 authors

Betschinger J, Mechtler K, Knoblich JA. The Par complex directs asymmetric cell division by phosphorylating the cytoskeletal protein Lgl. Nature. 2003;422(6929):326-330.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Krams IA, Skrinda I, Kecko S, et al. Body height affects the strength of immune response in young men, but not young women. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6223.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Peterson RL. Trading on Sentiment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2016.

An edited book

Bonham-Carter G, Cheng Q, eds. Progress in Geomathematics. Springer; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

Ghamri-Doudane Y. Towards Urban Vehicular Networking. In: Guyot V, ed. Advanced Infocomm Technology: 5th IEEE International Conference, ICAIT 2012, Paris, France, July 25-27, 2012. Revised Papers. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2013:4-4.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Hand Surgery.

Blog post

Andrews R. Something Very Unexpected Happened After The “Great Dying” Mass Extinction Event. IFLScience. Published February 20, 2017. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/something-very-unexpected-happened-after-the-great-dying-mass-extinction-event/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Proposal for Replacement of Indian Health Service Hospital. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Berkowitz AE. Finding a Place for “Cacega Ayuwipi” within the Structure of American Indian Music and Dance Traditions. Doctoral dissertation. Florida Atlantic University; 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon M. After 2 Helmets Are Decertified, Lacrosse Faces Safety Concerns. New York Times. December 5, 2014:D1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Hand Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Hand Surg. Am.
ISSN (print)	0363-5023
ISSN (online)	1531-6564
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery

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