How to format your references using the The Journal of Hand Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Hand Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Moore PB. Structural biology. A ribosomal coup: E. coli at last! Science. 2005;310(5749):793-795.

A journal article with 2 authors

Prather MJ, Hsu J. Coupling of nitrous oxide and methane by global atmospheric chemistry. Science. 2010;330(6006):952-954.

A journal article with 3 authors

Agarwala S, Sanders TA, Ragsdale CW. Sonic hedgehog control of size and shape in midbrain pattern formation. Science. 2001;291(5511):2147-2150.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Koch S, Mousset S, Graser A, et al. IL-6 activated integrated BATF/IRF4 functions in lymphocytes are T-bet-independent and reversed by subcutaneous immunotherapy. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1754.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gray DF, Malone SW. Macrofinancial Risk Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2008.

An edited book

Madden B, ed. Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension. 1st ed. 2015. Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Fettweis G, Irmer R, Windisch M, Petrovic D, Zillmann P. Wireless Connectivity for In Home Audio/Video Networks. In: Mukherjee S, Aarts RM, Roovers R, Widdershoven F, Ouwerkerk M, eds. AmIware Hardware Technology Drivers of Ambient Intelligence. Philips Research. Springer Netherlands; 2006:51-72.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Hand Surgery.

Blog post

Luntz S. Scientists Find Traces Of Enormous Solar Storms That Once Hit The Earth. IFLScience. October 28, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/space/traces-giant-solar-storms-found/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Local Tax Abatement. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Torres MF. The Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions in the Information Technology Organizational Structures. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Justices Accept Question of Prosecutors as Lawyers or Managers. New York Times. April 15, 2008:A14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Hand Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Hand Surg. Am.
ISSN (print)	0363-5023
ISSN (online)	1531-6564
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery