How to format your references using the The Journal of Hand Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Journal of Hand Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Sorenson E. Gates of opportunity. Nature. 2007;447(7143):502-503.

A journal article with 2 authors

de Laat W, Duboule D. Topology of mammalian developmental enhancers and their regulatory landscapes. Nature. 2013;502(7472):499-506.

A journal article with 3 authors

Martinón-Torres M, Rehren T, Freestone IC. Mullite and the mystery of Hessian wares. Nature. 2006;444(7118):437-438.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Renne PR, Feinberg JM, Waters MR, et al. Geochronology: age of Mexican ash with alleged “footprints.” Nature. 2005;438(7068):E7-8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Soustelle M. Thermodynamics of Surfaces and Capillary Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

Rudenstine S. The Causes and Behavioral Consequences of Disasters: Models Informed by the Global Experience 1950-2005. (Galea S, ed.). Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Dixon I, Whittaker G. Streaming Your Media Collection from Windows Devices. In: Whittaker G, ed. Entertainment Apps on the Go with Windows 10: Music, Movies, and TV for PCs, Tablets, and Phones. Apress; 2015:83-99.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Journal of Hand Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew E. Spaceship-Style Floating Lab Could Be Exploring Our Oceans In 2016. IFLScience. November 10, 2014. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/spaceship-style-floating-lab-could-be-exploring-our-oceans-2016/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highway Trust Fund Expenditures on Purposes Other than Construction and Maintenance of Highways and Bridges during Fiscal Years 2004-2008. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2009.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cubarrubia AP. Exploring the Influence of External Standards of Institutional Effectiveness on Program Assessment in Student Affairs. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Leland J. Starring in Someone Else’s Film. New York Times. August 19, 2016:MB4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	The Journal of Hand Surgery
Abbreviation	J. Hand Surg. Am.
ISSN (print)	0363-5023
ISSN (online)	1531-6564
Scope	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Surgery