How to format your references using the The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

O’Reilly RC (2006) Biologically based computational models of high-level cognition. Science 314:91–94

A journal article with 2 authors

Lyon BE, Eadie JM (2004) An obligate brood parasite trapped in the intraspecific arms race of its hosts. Nature 432:390–393

A journal article with 3 authors

Duthie C, Gibbs G, Burns KC (2006) Seed dispersal by weta. Science 311:1575

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Krekelberg B, Dannenberg S, Hoffmann K-P, et al (2003) Neural correlates of implied motion. Nature 424:674–677

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hirsch HL (2005) Essential Communication Strategies for Scientists, Engineers, and Technology Professionals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Abraham A, Grosan C, Pedrycz W (eds) (2008) Engineering Evolutionary Intelligent Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Baptista J, Morais R, Valente A, et al (2010) A Software Tool for Harmonic Distortion Simulation Caused by Non-linear Household Loads. In: Corchado E, Novais P, Analide C, Sedano J (eds) Soft Computing Models in Industrial and Environmental Applications, 5th International Workshop (SOCO 2010). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 31–38

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.

Blog post

Carpineti A (2016) Astronomers Spot Whirlwinds Shooting Out From A Young Star. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/astronomers-spot-whirlwinds-shooting-out-from-a-young-star/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2015) Auto Safety: Status of NHTSA’s Redesign of Its Crashworthiness Data System. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Al khuwaildi HA (2010) Green techniques in the healthcare system. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow L (2007) Accreditation Restored At Nassau Medical Center. New York Times 14LI2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (O’Reilly 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Lyon and Eadie 2004; O’Reilly 2006).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Lyon and Eadie 2004)
Three or more authors: (Krekelberg et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
Abbreviation	Int. J. Life Cycle Assess.
ISSN (print)	0948-3349
ISSN (online)	1614-7502
Scope	General Environmental Science