How to format your references using the The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik P (2005) Take your partner by the hand. Nature 435:1281

A journal article with 2 authors

Berry RM, Armitage JP (2008) Microbiology. How bacteria change gear. Science 320:1599–1600

A journal article with 3 authors

Cai L, Friedman N, Xie XS (2006) Stochastic protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level. Nature 440:358–362

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Jackson RB, Berthrong ST, Cook CW, et al (2004) Comment on “A reservoir of nitrate beneath desert soils.” Science 304:51; author reply 51

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Valizadeh P (2016) Field Effect Transistors, A Comprehensive Overview. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Han W, Huang Z, Hu C, et al (eds) (2014) Web Technologies and Applications: APWeb 2014 Workshops, SNA, NIS, and IoTS, Changsha, China, September 5, 2014. Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Bikakis A, Antoniou G (2008) Distributed Reasoning with Conflicts in an Ambient Peer-to-Peer Setting. In: Mühlhäuser M, Ferscha A, Aitenbichler E (eds) Constructing Ambient Intelligence: AmI 2007 Workshops Darmstadt, Germany, November 7-10, 2007 Revised Papers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 24–33

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment.

Blog post

Andrews R (2016) Dutch Men And Latvian Women Are World’s Tallest, 100-Year-Long Study Reveals. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1994) [Comments on Use of Frequent Flyer Credits]. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Huang J (2013) Multispectral Imaging of Skin Oxygenation. Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Ortved J (2017) Stylish Like a Fox, And Back in the City. New York Times D3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Smaglik 2005).
This sentence cites two references (Smaglik 2005; Berry and Armitage 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Berry and Armitage 2008)
Three or more authors: (Jackson et al. 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
Abbreviation	Int. J. Life Cycle Assess.
ISSN (print)	0948-3349
ISSN (online)	1614-7502
Scope	General Environmental Science