How to format your references using the The Astrophysical Journal Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The Astrophysical Journal Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Marx, V. 2015, Nature, 524, 503

A journal article with 2 authors

Ramirez Rozzi, F. V., & Bermudez De Castro, J. M. 2004, Nature, 428, 936

A journal article with 3 authors

Ivany, L. C., Patterson, W. P., & Lohmann, K. C. 2000, Nature, 407, 887

A journal article with 6 or more authors

Rossato, J. I., Bevilaqua, L. R. M., Izquierdo, I., Medina, J. H., & Cammarota, M. 2009, Science, 325, 1017

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zink, M. 2005, Scalable Video on Demand (West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,.)

An edited book

Plewa, C., & Conduit, J. 2016, Making a Difference Through Marketing: A Quest for Diverse Perspectives (Singapore: Springer)

A chapter in an edited book

Pichler, F., & Cifrain, M. 2014, in Automotive Battery Technology, ed. A. Thaler, & D. Watzenig (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 53

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Blog post

Andrew, D. 2016, IFLScience (IFLScience), https://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/we-need-to-talk-about-the-bad-science-being-funded/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1990, Air Traffic Control: Continuing Delays Anticipated for the Advanced Automation System (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office)

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Warfield, B. S. 2017, Speaking of the Self: Theorizing the Dialogical Dimensions of Ethical Agency (Tampa, FL: University of South Florida)

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, J. 2016, New York Times, SP2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Marx 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Marx 2015; Ramirez Rozzi & Bermudez De Castro 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ramirez Rozzi & Bermudez De Castro 2004)
Three or more authors: (Rossato et al. 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	The Astrophysical Journal Letters
Abbreviation	Astrophys. J. Lett.
ISSN (print)	2041-8205
ISSN (online)	2041-8213
Scope	Space and Planetary Science Astronomy and Astrophysics