How to format your references using the The AAPS Journal citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for The AAPS Journal. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Miyashita Y. Cognitive memory: cellular and network machineries and their top-down control. Science. 2004;306:435–40.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature. 2008;452:580–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. O’Gorman CM, Fuller HT, Dyer PS. Discovery of a sexual cycle in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Nature. 2009;457:471–4.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Lin J-F, Vankó G, Jacobsen SD, Iota V, Struzhkin VV, Prakapenka VB, et al. Spin transition zone in Earth’s lower mantle. Science. 2007;317:1740–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Bobrow J, Kohn E, Mondragon-Gilmore J, Eggenschwiler J. CliffsNotes® Praxis I®: PPST®. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, Inc.; 2009.

An edited book

1. Fritsch M, Schmude J, editors. Entrepreneurship in the Region. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Chizzolini B. National and Regional Econometric Models. In: Camagni R, Chizzolini B, Fratesi U, editors. Modelling Regional Scenarios for the Enlarged Europe: European Competiveness and Global Strategies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2008. p. 69–82.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for The AAPS Journal.

Blog post

1. Davis J. The World’s Environments Are Being Destroyed Faster Than They Can Recover [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/worlds-environment-being-degraded-fast-it-can-recover/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Applying Agreed-Upon Procedures: Airport and Airway Trust Fund Excise Taxes. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003 Nov. Report No.: GAO-04-214R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Hilker B. Electric-field effects and interactions of dye-polymer systems [Doctoral dissertation]. [Tampa, FL]: University of South Florida; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. St. John Kelly E. Bikes That Roll Toward Jobs. New York Times. 1998 Jun 14;149.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	The AAPS Journal
Abbreviation	AAPS J.
ISSN (online)	1550-7416
Scope