How to format your references using the Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zamir D (2014) Botany. A wake-up call with coffee. Science 345:1124

A journal article with 2 authors

Orsini A, Falconi C (2014) Real-time monitoring of the solution growth of ZnO nanorods arrays by quartz microbalances and in-situ temperature sensors. Sci Rep 4:6285

A journal article with 3 authors

Cao YC, Jin R, Mirkin CA (2002) Nanoparticles with Raman spectroscopic fingerprints for DNA and RNA detection. Science 297:1536–1540

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Li J, Xiao X, Xu X, et al (2013) Activated boron nitride as an effective adsorbent for metal ions and organic pollutants. Sci Rep 3:3208

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Rodriguez J, Bonne D (2015) Stereoselective Multiple Bond-Forming Transformations in Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Yang CC, Zeng D, Chau M, et al (2007) Intelligence and Security Informatics: Pacific Asia Workshop, PAISI 2007, Chengdu, China, April 11-12, 2007. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Bijani S, Robertson D, Aspinall D (2012) Probing Attacks on Multi-Agent Systems Using Electronic Institutions. In: Sakama C, Sardina S, Vasconcelos W, Winikoff M (eds) Declarative Agent Languages and Technologies IX: 9th International Workshop, DALT 2011, Taipei, Taiwan, May 3, 2011, Revised Selected and Invited Papers. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 33–50

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy.

Blog post

Fang J (2016) How Plesiosaurs And Ichthyosaurs Burst Onto The Scene. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2005) Aviation Security: Flight and Cabin Crew Member Security Training Strengthened, but Better Planning and Internal Controls Needed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Krutsinger R (2014) Evaluation of Grassland Restoration Success in Illinois Using Indicators of Ecosystem Function. Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

GEORGE GENE GUSTINES; Compiled by DAVE ITZKOFF (2010) Motion Comic Recalls Rescuers In Holocaust. New York Times C4

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy
Abbreviation	Technol. Econ. Smart Grids Sustain. Energy
ISSN (online)	2199-4706
Scope