How to format your references using the Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Nee S (2005) The great chain of being. Nature 435:429

A journal article with 2 authors

Machin S, Pekkarinen T (2008) Assessment. Global sex differences in test score variability. Science 322:1331–1332

A journal article with 3 authors

Dubash NK, Fleurbaey M, Kartha S (2014) Climate policy. Political implications of data presentation. Science 345:36–37

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Kubatko K-AH, Helean KB, Navrotsky A, Burns PC (2003) Stability of peroxide-containing uranyl minerals. Science 302:1191–1193

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kato T, Handwerker CA, Bath J (2016) Mitigating Tin Whisker Risks. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Yang SC-M, Deng D-M, Lin H (2016) Structural Analysis of Non-Classical Logics: The Proceedings of the Second Taiwan Philosophical Logic Colloquium, 1st ed. 2016. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Vanacken L, Cuppens E, Clerckx T, Coninx K (2007) Extending a Dialog Model with Contextual Knowledge. In: Winckler M, Johnson H, Palanque P (eds) Task Models and Diagrams for User Interface Design: 6th International Workshop, TAMODIA 2007, Toulouse, France, November 7-9, 2007. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 28–41

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy.

Blog post

Hale T (2016) Watch A Bald Eagle Snatch A Baby Osprey From Its Nest. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1997) Environmental Cleanup Costs: NASA Is Making Progress in Identifying Contamination, but More Effort Is Needed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Karriem KL (2010) The relationship between stress and emotional intelligence among direct-care workers. Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Yablonsky L (2011) Characters Welcome. New York Times ST3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy
Abbreviation	Technol. Econ. Smart Grids Sustain. Energy
ISSN (online)	2199-4706
Scope