How to format your references using the Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Tyran J-R (2007) Economics. Money illusion and the market. Science 317:1042–1043

A journal article with 2 authors

Johnston RJ, Hobert O (2003) A microRNA controlling left/right neuronal asymmetry in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 426:845–849

A journal article with 3 authors

Wang Z, Xu B, Zhou H-J (2014) Social cycling and conditional responses in the Rock-Paper-Scissors game. Sci Rep 4:5830

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Zhang Y, Fu F, Wu T, et al (2013) A tale of two contribution mechanisms for nonlinear public goods. Sci Rep 3:2021

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Das JC (2015) Power System Harmonics and Passive Filter Designs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Shin JC, Postiglione GA, Huang F (2015) Mass Higher Education Development in East Asia: Strategy, Quality, and Challenges. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Stenhouse M, Patel B (2016) Irrigation and Disinfection. In: Patel B (ed) Endodontic Treatment, Retreatment, and Surgery: Mastering Clinical Practice. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 101–128

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Chemical Messengers: How Hormones Make Us Feel Hungry And Full. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/chemical-messengers-how-hormones-make-us-feel-hungry-and-full/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1988) Financial Markets: Information on Computer Data Used for Stock Market Crash Studies. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gomes S (2010) The Lanterman-Petris-Short Act and the effects of deinstitutionalization on the mentally ill. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly M (1992) THE TRANSITION: The President-Elect; CLINTON, SKETCHING PLAN FOR ECONOMY, COUNSELS PATIENCE. New York Times A1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy
Abbreviation	Technol. Econ. Smart Grids Sustain. Energy
ISSN (online)	2199-4706
Scope