How to format your references using the Techniques in Coloproctology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Techniques in Coloproctology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kleiner K (2006) Assault on batteries. Nature 441:1046–1047

A journal article with 2 authors

Liemert A, Kienle A (2013) Exact and efficient solution of the radiative transport equation for the semi-infinite medium. Sci Rep 3:2018

A journal article with 3 authors

Kim H, Chen J, Yu X (2007) Ubiquitin-binding protein RAP80 mediates BRCA1-dependent DNA damage response. Science 316:1202–1205

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Lin J-F, Struzhkin VV, Jacobsen SD, et al (2005) Spin transition of iron in magnesiowüstite in the Earth’s lower mantle. Nature 436:377–380

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gardner S, Birley S (2010) Blogging for Dummies®. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Whitaker H, Smith CUM, Finger S (2007) Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. Springer US, Boston, MA

A chapter in an edited book

Alekseev VR (2007) Reactivation of Diapausing Crustaceans. In: Alekseev VR, Stasio BT de, Gilbert JJ (eds) Diapause in Aquatic Invertebrates Theory and Human Use. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 65–82

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Techniques in Coloproctology.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) New Prion Disease Raises Questions About Whether Alzheimer’s And Parkinson’s Could Be Infectious. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/new-prion-disease-raises-questions-about-whether-alzheimer-s-and-parkinson-s/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1991) Air Traffic Control: FAA Can Better Forecast and Prevent Equipment Failures. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rehman JL (2012) Rape as religious terrorism and genocide the 1971 war between East and West Pakistan. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Carlson L (2010) Come Committed or Stay on the Couch. New York Times MB3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Techniques in Coloproctology
Abbreviation	Tech. Coloproctol.
ISSN (print)	1123-6337
ISSN (online)	1128-045X
Scope	Gastroenterology Surgery