How to format your references using the Techniques in Coloproctology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Techniques in Coloproctology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Primavera JH (2005) Global voices of science: Mangroves, fishponds, and the quest for sustainability. Science 310:57–59

A journal article with 2 authors

Tigaret C, Choquet D (2009) Neuroscience. More AMPAR garnish. Science 323:1295–1296

A journal article with 3 authors

Milinski M, Semmann D, Krambeck H-J (2002) Reputation helps solve the “tragedy of the commons.” Nature 415:424–426

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Lu J, Marnell LL, Marjon KD, et al (2008) Structural recognition and functional activation of FcgammaR by innate pentraxins. Nature 456:989–992

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lane D (2011) The Chief Information Officer’s Body of Knowledge. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Sericola B, Telek M, Horváth G (2014) Analytical and Stochastic Modeling Techniques and Applications: 21st International Conference, ASMTA 2014, Budapest, Hungary, June 30 – July 2, 2014. Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Lowe EK, Cuomo C, Arnone MI (2016) A Differential Transcriptomic Approach to Compare Target Genes of Homologous Transcription Factors in Echinoderm Species. In: Rogato A, Zazzu V, Guarracino M (eds) Dynamics of Mathematical Models in Biology: Bringing Mathematics to Life. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 55–63

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Techniques in Coloproctology.

Blog post

Hale T (2017) This “Orange Alligator” Has Been Spotted In South Carolina. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/this-orange-alligator-has-been-spotted-in-north-carolina/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1973) Outlay Savings From Program Reductions and Terminations. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Joseph WR (2002) Physical Characterization of Vernix Caseosa: Implications for Biological Function. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Johnson G (2014) The Intelligent-Life Lottery. New York Times D3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Techniques in Coloproctology
Abbreviation	Tech. Coloproctol.
ISSN (print)	1123-6337
ISSN (online)	1128-045X
Scope	Gastroenterology Surgery