How to format your references using the Teachers and Teaching citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Teachers and Teaching. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Spottiswoode, C. N. (2013). Evolution. How cooperation defeats cheats. Science (New York, N.Y.), 342(6165), 1452–1453.

A journal article with 2 authors

Dudai, Y., & Carruthers, M. (2005). The Janus face of Mnemosyne. Nature, 434(7033), 567.

A journal article with 3 authors

Brisbin, I. L., Jr, Austad, S., & Jacobson, S. K. (2000). Canine detectives: the nose knows-or does it? Science (New York, N.Y.), 290(5494), 1093b.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Shafir, S., Reich, T., Tsur, E., Erev, I., & Lotem, A. (2008). Perceptual accuracy and conflicting effects of certainty on risk-taking behaviour. Nature, 453(7197), 917–920.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Moreau, E., & Adali, T. (2013). Blind Identification and Separation of Complex-Valued Signals. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Poveda, R. L. (2016). Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (N. Gupta, Ed.; 1st ed. 2016). Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Herskovic, V., Mejía, D. A., Favela, J., Morán, A. L., Ochoa, S. F., & Pino, J. A. (2009). Increasing Opportunities for Interaction in Time-Critical Mobile Collaborative Settings. In L. Carriço, N. Baloian, & B. Fonseca (Eds.), Groupware: Design, Implementation, and Use: 15th International Workshop, CRIWG 2009, Peso da Régua, Douro, Portugal, September 13-17, 2009. Proceedings (pp. 41–48). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Teachers and Teaching.

Blog post

Hamilton, K. (2016, June 20). How We Caught A Glimpse Of A Supermassive Black Hole Having A Meal. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/how-we-caught-a-glimpse-of-a-supermassive-black-hole-having-a-meal/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1980). Undergraduate Helicopter Pilot Training: Consolidation Could Yield Significant Savings (FPCD-80-37). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McClimon, M. (2016). A transformational approach to jazz harmony [Doctoral dissertation]. Indiana University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kenigsberg, B. (2017, January 19). Starless Dreams. New York Times, C10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Spottiswoode, 2013).
This sentence cites two references (Dudai & Carruthers, 2005; Spottiswoode, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Dudai & Carruthers, 2005)
Three or more authors: (Shafir et al., 2008)

About the journal

Full journal title	Teachers and Teaching
Abbreviation	Teach. Teach.
ISSN (print)	1354-0602
ISSN (online)	1470-1278
Scope	Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) Education