How to format your references using the Teachers and Teaching citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Teachers and Teaching. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Fishman, M. C. (2001). The genomic cosmos. Nature, 410(6832), 1033.

A journal article with 2 authors

Weitzer, S., & Martinez, J. (2007). The human RNA kinase hClp1 is active on 3’ transfer RNA exons and short interfering RNAs. Nature, 447(7141), 222–226.

A journal article with 3 authors

Vinther, J., Van Roy, P., & Briggs, D. E. G. (2008). Machaeridians are Palaeozoic armoured annelids. Nature, 451(7175), 185–188.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Caccia, M., Tabandeh-Khorshid, M., Itskos, G., Strayer, A. R., Caldwell, A. S., Pidaparti, S., Singnisai, S., Rohskopf, A. D., Schroeder, A. M., Jarrahbashi, D., Kang, T., Sahoo, S., Kadasala, N. R., Marquez-Rossy, A., Anderson, M. H., Lara-Curzio, E., Ranjan, D., Henry, A., & Sandhage, K. H. (2018). Ceramic-metal composites for heat exchangers in concentrated solar power plants. Nature, 562(7727), 406–409.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bowling, J. (2011). Diagnostic Dermoscopy. Wiley-Blackwell.

An edited book

Sako, K., & Sarkar, P. (Eds.). (2013). Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2013: 19th International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Bengaluru, India, December 1-5, 2013, Proceedings, Part I (Vol. 8269). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Chakrabarti, G., & Sen, C. (2012). Global Stock Market, Knife-Edge Stability and the Crisis. In C. Sen (Ed.), Anatomy of Global Stock Market Crashes: An Empirical Analysis (pp. 49–62). Springer India.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Teachers and Teaching.

Blog post

Andrews, R. (2016, September 14). DNA Reveals Caribbean “Island Murderer” Lineage Emerged As Dinosaurs Bit The Dust. IFLScience; IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/dna-caribbean-island-murderer-lineage-emerged-dinosaurs-bit-dust/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2008). DOD Business Systems Modernization: Key Marine Corps System Acquisition Needs to Be Better Justified, Defined, and Managed (GAO-08-822). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Frey, E. F. (2008). Technology diffusion and environmental regulation: Evidence from electric power plants under the Clean Air Act [Doctoral dissertation]. George Washington University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, J. (2017, October 20). Baker Is Out as the Nationals Manager. New York Times, D4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Fishman, 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Fishman, 2001; Weitzer & Martinez, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Weitzer & Martinez, 2007)
Three or more authors: (Caccia et al., 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Teachers and Teaching
Abbreviation	Teach. Teach.
ISSN (print)	1354-0602
ISSN (online)	1470-1278
Scope	Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) Education