How to format your references using the Sports Technology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sports Technology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gregory, C. D. (2014). Cell biology: The disassembly of death. Nature, 507(7492), 312–313.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gelbart, W. M., & Knobler, C. M. (2009). Virology. Pressurized viruses. Science (New York, N.Y.), 323(5922), 1682–1683.

A journal article with 3 authors

Conard, N. J., Malina, M., & Münzel, S. C. (2009). New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany. Nature, 460(7256), 737–740.

A journal article with 21 or more authors

Li, S. P., Lew, W. S., Bland, J. A. C., Lopez-Diaz, L., Natali, M., Vaz, C. A. F., & Chen, Y. (2002). Spin-engineering magnetic media. Nature, 415(6872), 600–601.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

McSween, T. E. (2005). Values-Based Safety Process. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Haasis, H.-D., Kopfer, H., & Schönberger, J. (Eds.). (2006). Operations Research Proceedings 2005: Selected Papers of the Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society (GOR), Bremen, September 7–9, 2005 (Vol. 2005). Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Farooq, U., Marrakchi, Z., & Mehrez, H. (2012). Heterogeneous Architectures Exploration Environments. In Z. Marrakchi & H. Mehrez (Eds.), Tree-based Heterogeneous FPGA Architectures: Application Specific Exploration and Optimization (pp. 85–122). Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sports Technology.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2015, June 16). Hot Weather And CO2 Made The Tropics A No-Go Zone For Early Plant-Eating Dinosaurs. IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/hot-weather-and-co2-made-tropics-no-go-zone-early-plant-eating-dinosaurs/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (2014). Medicare Part D: CMS Has Implemented Processes to Oversee Plan Finder Pricing Accuracy and Improve Website Usability (GAO-14-143). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Bracht, K. D. (2010). Causes of nonattendance and its effect on student achievement at the high school level [Doctoral dissertation]. Lindenwood University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Protess, B., Silver-Greenberg, J., & Drucker, J. (2017, July 20). Regulators Review German Bank At the Center of Trump’s Finances. New York Times, A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gregory, 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Gelbart & Knobler, 2009; Gregory, 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gelbart & Knobler, 2009)
Three or more authors: (Li et al., 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Sports Technology
Abbreviation	Sports Technol.
ISSN (print)	1934-6182
ISSN (online)	1934-6190
Scope	Engineering (miscellaneous) Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Human Factors and Ergonomics Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation