How to format your references using the South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences (SAJEMS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Barnard, A.S., 2015, ‘Materials science: nanoscale locomotion without fuel’, Nature, 519(7541), 37–38.

A journal article with 2 authors

Maund, J.R. & Smartt, S.J., 2009, ‘The disappearance of the progenitors of supernovae 1993J and 2003gd’, Science (New York, N.Y.), 324(5926), 486–488.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ma, H., Aihara, K. & Chen, L., 2014, ‘Detecting causality from nonlinear dynamics with short-term time series’, Scientific reports, 4, 7464.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Wu, G., Takahashi, M., Arai, K., Inaba, H. & Minoshima, K., 2013, ‘Extremely high-accuracy correction of air refractive index using two-colour optical frequency combs’, Scientific reports, 3, 1894.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lieberman, N.P., 2012, Troubleshooting Vacuum Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Fuhrmann, J., Ohlberger, M. & Rohde, C. (eds.), 2014, Finite Volumes for Complex Applications VII-Elliptic, Parabolic and Hyperbolic Problems: FVCA 7, Berlin, June 2014, vol. 78, Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Fukumasu, H., Santana, M.H., Alexandre, P.A. & Ferraz, J.B.S., 2016, ‘Systems Biology Application in Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle’, in H.N. Kadarmideen (ed.), Systems Biology in Animal Production and Health, Vol. 2, pp. 79–95, Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences.

Blog post

Andrew, D., 2016, How Tiny Black Spots Shed Light On Part Of The Homo Naledi Mystery, IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2000, Joint Strike Fighter Acquisition: Development Schedule Should Be Changed to Reduce Risks, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Busalacchi, N.M., 2013, Access to healthcare: Disparities between the non-elderly adult population – PhD thesis, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA .

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse, L., 2006, Justices Ponder Conditions For Automatic Deportation, New York Times, p. A22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Barnard 2015).
This sentence cites two references (Maund & Smartt 2009; Barnard 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Maund & Smartt 2009)
Three or more authors: (Wu et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences
ISSN (print)	1015-8812
ISSN (online)	2222-3436
Scope