How to format your references using the Sleep Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sleep Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Brower V. Biomarkers: Portents of malignancy. Nature 2011;471:S19-21.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

De La Cruz EM, Pollard TD. Structural biology. Actin’ up. Science 2001;293:616–8.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Shimojo S, Kamitani Y, Nishida S. Afterimage of perceptually filled-in surface. Science 2001;293:1677–80.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Yasuda H, Kobayashi M, Yasuda Y, Tsutsui T. Estimation of autistic children by metallomics analysis. Sci Rep 2013;3:1199.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Gaisford S, Saunders M. Essentials of Pharmaceutical Preformulation. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2012.

An edited book

[1]

Gao C, editor. Polymeric Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration: From Surface/Interface Design to 3D Constructs. Singapore: Springer; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Mehta CR. Sample Size Reestimation for Confirmatory Clinical Trials. In: Harrington D, editor. Designs for Clinical Trials: Perspectives on Current Issues, New York, NY: Springer; 2012, p. 81–108.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sleep Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Fang J. Link Between Secondhand Smoke and Childhood Eczema Found. IFLScience 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Federal Communications Commission: Assessment and Collection of Regulatory Fees for Fiscal Year 1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1999.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Tyler EP. Tectonic geomorphology of quaternary river terraces at Santa Cruz Creek, Santa Maria Basin, Santa Barbara County, California. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Crow K. Hotel Developer Recasts Himself As an Angel for Old Synagogues. New York Times 2001:144.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sleep Medicine
Abbreviation	Sleep Med.
ISSN (print)	1389-9457
Scope	General Medicine

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