How to format your references using the Sleep Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sleep Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Greaves M. Retrospective. Janet Rowley (1925-2013). Science 2014;343:626.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Mather J, Mao M. Astronomy: A conversation about observation. Nature 2012;490:S5-7.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Foukal P, North G, Wigley T. Climate. A stellar view on solar variations and climate. Science 2004;306:68–9.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Wenger OS, Leigh BS, Villahermosa RM, Gray HB, Winkler JR. Electron tunneling through organic molecules in frozen glasses. Science 2005;307:99–102.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Wang Q. Practical Design of Magnetostatic Structure Using Numerical Simulation. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd; 2013.

An edited book

[1]

Okunieff P, Williams J, Chen Y, editors. Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXVI. vol. 566. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2005.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Helmers J, Rückmann J-J, Werner R. Tight Semi-model-free Bounds on (Bilateral) CVA. In: Glau K, Grbac Z, Scherer M, Zagst R, editors. Innovations in Derivatives Markets: Fixed Income Modeling, Valuation Adjustments, Risk Management, and Regulation, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016, p. 83–101.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sleep Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Taub B. Smoking Weed Can Alter Your Kids’ DNA, Claim Australian Researchers. IFLScience 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. DOD Business Systems Modernization: Air Force Business System Schedule and Cost Estimates. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Black AM. Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Ohio Statewide Agricultural Leadership Program. Doctoral dissertation. Ohio State University, 2006.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Sisario B. With Vinyl, Creating a Physical Presence. New York Times 2016:B2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sleep Medicine
Abbreviation	Sleep Med.
ISSN (print)	1389-9457
Scope	General Medicine