How to format your references using the Sleep Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sleep Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Albarède F. Geophysics. Helium feels the heat in Earth’s mantle. Science 2005;310:1777–8.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Chavis P, Westbrook G. Integrins mediate functional pre- and postsynaptic maturation at a hippocampal synapse. Nature 2001;411:317–21.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Senghas A, Kita S, Ozyürek A. Children creating core properties of language: evidence from an emerging sign language in Nicaragua. Science 2004;305:1779–82.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Ju BG, Jeong S, Bae E, Hyun S, Carroll SB, Yim J, et al. Fringe forms a complex with Notch. Nature 2000;405:191–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Corns TN. A History of Seventeenth-Century English Literature. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2008.

An edited book

[1]

Seed MP, Walsh DA, editors. Angiogenesis in Inflammation: Mechanisms and Clinical Correlates. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2008.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Sen S, Cortesi A, Chaki N. Conclusions. In: Cortesi A, Chaki N, editors. Hyper-lattice Algebraic Model for Data Warehousing, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016, p. 61–2.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sleep Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Fang J. Non-Human DNA Discovered During Biopsy Of Ötzi The Iceman. IFLScience 2014. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/non-human-dna-discovered-during-biopsy-ötzi-iceman/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Environmental Protection Agency: Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles--Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Boakyewa OA. Nana Oparebea and the Akonnedi Shrine: Cultural, religious and global agents. Doctoral dissertation. Indiana University, 2014.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Vecsey G. With Memories Entrenched, a Hallowed Site Plows Forward. New York Times 2014:SP5.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sleep Medicine
Abbreviation	Sleep Med.
ISSN (print)	1389-9457
Scope	General Medicine