How to format your references using the Sleep Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sleep Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Gewin V. Making it in the biotech business. Nature 2005;435:124–5.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Hoekstra AY, Wiedmann TO. Humanity’s unsustainable environmental footprint. Science 2014;344:1114–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Gordon AL, Susanto RD, Vranes K. Cool Indonesian throughflow as a consequence of restricted surface layer flow. Nature 2003;425:824–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Royer DL, Wing SL, Beerling DJ, Jolley DW, Koch PL, Hickey LJ, et al. Paleobotanical evidence for near present-day levels of atmospheric Co2 during part of the tertiary. Science 2001;292:2310–3.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Kiehl AR, Mays MBC. Atlas for the Diagnosis of Tumors in the Dog and Cat. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

[1]

Picher M, Boucher RC, editors. Purinergic Regulation of Respiratory Diseases. vol. 55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Liu D, Li G, Fan R, Guo G. Research About Big Data Platform of Electrical Power System. In: Wan J, Humar I, Zhang D, editors. Industrial IoT Technologies and Applications: International Conference, Industrial IoT 2016, GuangZhou, China, March 25-26, 2016, Revised Selected Papers, Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016, p. 36–43.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sleep Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Carcass Of Extremely Rare Megamouth Shark Washes Ashore In The Philippines. IFLScience 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/carcass-extremely-rare-megamouth-shark-washes-ashore-philippines/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. DOD Business Systems Modernization: Billions Continue to Be Invested with Inadequate Management Oversight and Accountability. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2004.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Spezia K. Numerical Modeling of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfers in Porous Media. Doctoral dissertation. University of Louisiana, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Saslow L. Nassau to Transfer 9 Parks And 12 Roads to Town. New York Times 2007:14LI2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sleep Medicine
Abbreviation	Sleep Med.
ISSN (print)	1389-9457
Scope	General Medicine