How to format your references using the Sleep Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Sleep Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Clary DC. Chemistry. Geometric phase in chemical reactions. Science 2005;309:1195–6.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Cui X-D, Zheng Y. Unification of the family of Garrison-Wright’s phases. Sci Rep 2014;4:5813.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Silvarolla MB, Mazzafera P, Fazuoli LC. Plant biochemistry: a naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee. Nature 2004;429:826.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Kangaspeska S, Stride B, Métivier R, Polycarpou-Schwarz M, Ibberson D, Carmouche RP, et al. Transient cyclical methylation of promoter DNA. Nature 2008;452:112–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Lui SH. Numerical Analysis of Partial Differential Equations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

[1]

Andreon S. Bayesian Methods for the Physical Sciences: Learning from Examples in Astronomy and Physics. vol. 4. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

van Eck W, Lamers MH. Animal Controlled Computer Games: Playing Pac-Man Against Real Crickets. In: Harper R, Rauterberg M, Combetto M, editors. Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2006: 5th International Conference, Cambridge, UK, September 20-22, 2006. Proceedings, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006, p. 31–6.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Sleep Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. Australian Beaches Are Introducing Shark-Detecting Drones. IFLScience 2015.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Electronic Government Act: Agencies Have Implemented Most Provisions, but Key Areas of Attention Remain. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2012.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Cope JA. Coastal squeeze of vegetation zones in the Los Cerritos Wetlands: The effect of sea level rise. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2015.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Winerip M, Schwirtz M. A New York Inmate Dies, and No One Is Punished. New York Times 2015:A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Sleep Medicine
Abbreviation	Sleep Med.
ISSN (print)	1389-9457
Scope	General Medicine