How to format your references using the SLEEP citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for SLEEP. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Segal E. Journal club. A computational biologist looks at how identical cells come to differ. Nature. 2010;464(7287):329.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ozanne SE, Hales CN. Lifespan: catch-up growth and obesity in male mice. Nature. 2004;427(6973):411-412.

A journal article with 3 authors

Storch D, Keil P, Jetz W. Universal species-area and endemics-area relationships at continental scales. Nature. 2012;488(7409):78-81.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Gilbert WV, Zhou K, Butler TK, Doudna JA. Cap-independent translation is required for starvation-induced differentiation in yeast. Science. 2007;317(5842):1224-1227.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Russell LCR, Hodgetts CTJ, Mahoney CPF, Castle N. Disaster Rules. Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

An edited book

Klug C, Korn D, De Baets K, Kruta I, Mapes RH, eds. Ammonoid Paleobiology: From Anatomy to Ecology. Vol 43. 1st ed. 2015. Springer Netherlands; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

Toussaint BM, Luengo V. Mining Surgery Phase-Related Sequential Rules from Vertebroplasty Simulations Traces. In: Holmes JH, Bellazzi R, Sacchi L, Peek N, eds. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: 15th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, AIME 2015, Pavia, Italy, June 17-20, 2015. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing; 2015:35-46.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for SLEEP.

Blog post

Andrew E. 9 Animal “Facts” Everyone Gets Wrong. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. FCC: Flexible Service Offerings in the Commercial Mobile Radio Services. U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Vincent C. Viewing Dissociative Identity Disorder through a Jungian Lens. Doctoral dissertation. Pacifica Graduate Institute; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Qiu L. On Spectrum of Extremism, Far Left Takes Relatively Little Space. New York Times. August 15, 2017:A13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	SLEEP
Abbreviation	Sleep
ISSN (print)	0161-8105
ISSN (online)	1550-9109
Scope	Clinical Neurology Physiology (medical)

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