How to format your references using the Silence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Silence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Kirby SH. Taking the temperature of slabs. Nature. 2000;403:31, 33–4.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Wicherts JM, Scholten AZ. Comment on “Poverty impedes cognitive function.” Science. 2013;342:1169.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Dillon ME, Wang G, Huey RB. Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming. Nature. 2010;467:704–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Lachke SA, Alkuraya FS, Kneeland SC, Ohn T, Aboukhalil A, Howell GR, et al. Mutations in the RNA granule component TDRD7 cause cataract and glaucoma. Science. 2011;331:1571–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Schumer PD. Mathematical Journeys. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2005.

An edited book

1. Behrndt J, Förster K-H, Trunk C, editors. Recent Advances in Operator Theory in Hilbert and Krein Spaces. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2010.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Yu L, Liu X, Petinakis E, Dean K, Bateman S. Starch Based Blends, Composites and Nanocomposites. In: Thomas S, Visakh PM, Mathew AP, editors. Advances in Natural Polymers: Composites and Nanocomposites. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 121–54.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Silence.

Blog post

1. Hamilton K. “Supermoon” Will Be Visible Tonight. IFLScience. 2015. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Aircraft Development: The Advanced Tactical Fighter’s Costs, Schedule, and Performance Goals. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1988.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Belcher JT. Optimism, psychological well-being, and quality of life in females with Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Doctoral dissertation. Capella University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Poniewozik J. Streaming at the Top of Her Lungs. New York Times. 2016;:C3.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Silence
ISSN (print)	1758-907X
Scope

Research and Writing Guides