How to format your references using the Silence citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Silence. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Buiter S. Geodynamics: How plumes help to break plates. Nature. 2014;513:36–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Rosenberg SM, Hastings PJ. Microbiology and evolution. Modulating mutation rates in the wild. Science. 2003;300:1382–3.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Topper TP, Holmer LE, Caron J-B. Brachiopods hitching a ride: an early case of commensalism in the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6704.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Foukal P, Fröhlich C, Spruit H, Wigley TML. Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth’s climate. Nature. 2006;443:161–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Caferro W. Contesting the Renaissance. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.

An edited book

1. Lichtfouse E, Schwarzbauer J, Robert D, editors. Green Materials for Energy, Products and Depollution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Ning X, Yan Y, Qu K, Li Z. Reliability Analysis on Wing Structures under the Gust Load. In: Wang FL, Deng H, Gao Y, Lei J, editors. Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence: International Conference, AICI 2010, Sanya, China, October 23-24, 2010, Proceedings, Part II. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 31–7.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Silence.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. What I Learned From Debating Science With Trolls. IFLScience. 2014. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Year 2000 Computing Crisis: Telecommunications Readiness Critical, Yet Overall Status Largely Unknown. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1998.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Grijalva JA. Exploring cultural finance: A phenomenological approach to comparative cultural perceptions of money in Mexico. Doctoral dissertation. Northcentral University; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Vecsey G. The World Is Watching. New York Times. 2012;:SP11.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Silence
ISSN (print)	1758-907X
Scope

Research and Writing Guides